Fig. 4.

Estimates of age, cohort and period effects from ALSWH data, fitted values and 95% confidence intervals, from models with age, period and cohort effects. a (top left) estimated age-specific rates for the reference year of 2007; b (top right) the function on the right is the period function relative to 2007 (including drift) and the function on the left is a cohort function representing residual effects; c (bottom left) estimated age-specific rates for women born in 1951; d (bottom right) the function on the left is the cohort function (including drift) relative to women born in 1951 and the function on the right is a period function representing residual effects