Table 5.
Multinomial logistic regressions of IPV and VAC, VAC only, and IPV only, compared to no violence dyads
| Female Caregivers | Male Caregivers | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Odd-ratio (CI) | IPV and VAC (n = 124) | VAC ‘only’ (n = 90) | IPV ‘only’ (n = 46) | IPV and VAC (n = 51) | VAC ‘only’ (n = 67) | IPV ‘only’ (n = 20) |
| Caregiver Reports | ||||||
| Age (years) | 0.96 (0.9–1.01) | 1.02 (0.97–1.08) | 0.99 (0.92–1.05) | 0.96 (0.91–1.02) | 0.95 (0.91–1)* | 1(0.95–1.05) |
| Education (some secondary or higher vs. primary or no) | 0.23 (0.09–0.59)** | 0.52 (0.21–1.26) | 0.3 (0.09–0.98)* | 0.87 (0.29–2.61) | 0.97 (0.37–2.51) | 0.9 (0.25–3.29) |
| Religious statusa | 1.42 (0.61–3.32) | 1.21 (0.52–2.86) | 1.43 (0.53–3.86) | 1.62 (0.51–5.1) | 1.7 (0.6–4.85) | 3.22 (0.86–12.18)¥ |
| SES | 0.26 (0.07–1.01)* | 0.13 (0.03–0.51) ** | 0.31 (0.06–1.55) | 1.52 (0.23–10.07) | 3.39 (0.61–18.73) | 4.44 (0.46–42.52) |
| Mental Distress (SRQ) | 1.12 (1.01–1.22)* | 1.02 (0.92–1.13) | 1.07 (0.97–1.2) | 1.09(0.97–1.23) | 1.07 (0.96–1.2) | 1.04 (0.9–1.2) |
| Alcohol Use | 3.03 (0.99–9.3)* | 2.59 (0.84–8)¥ | 1.82 (0.48–6.96) | 1.26 (0.95–1.67)¥ | 1.09 (0.83–1.43) | 1.38 (0.99–1.93)¥ |
| Intimate Partner Current Living Status (living together vs. not) | 1.09 (0.37–3.22) | 0.92 (0.31–2.77) | 2.39 (0.5–11.36) | 6.42 (0.46–90.02) | 4.1 (0.55–30.27) | 3.97 (0.39–40.04) |
| Intimate Partner Relationship Length (years) | 1.05 (0.99–1.11) ¥ | 1.01 (0.95–1.06) | 1.04 (0.98–1.12) | 1.03 (0.97–1.09) | 1.01 (0.95–1.06) | 0.94 (0.87–1.01)¥ |
| Intimate Partner Emotional Attachment | 0.9 (0.85–0.97)** | 0.99 (0.93–1.06) | 0.92 (0.86–1)** | 0.8 (0.71–0.91)*** | 0.96 (0.86–1.08) | 0.84 (0.73–0.98)* |
| Attitudes against VAC | 0.95 (0.84–1.07) | 0.92 (0.82–1.05) | 0.94 (0.81–1.09) | 0.86 (0.73–1)* | 0.94 (0.82–1.07) | 0.96 (0.79–1.15) |
| Adolescent Reports | ||||||
| Age (years) | 0.95 (0.73–1.25) | 1.02 (0.77–1.35) | 0.92 (0.67–1.28) | 1.27 (0.86–1.88) | 0.86 (0.61–1.22) | 1.39 (0.9–2.18) |
| Sex of child (girls vs. boys) | 1.14 (0.58–2.23) | 1.32 (0.66–2.61) | 0.76 (0.34–1.65) | 1.11 (0.45–2.72) | 0.39 (0.17–0.87)* | 0.93 (0.31–2.77) |
| Mental Distress (SDQ) | 0.98 (0.92–1.04) | 1.04 (0.98–1.11) | 1.02 (0.95–1.09) | 0.95 (0.87–1.05) | 0.98 (0.9–1.07) | 0.95 (0.84–1.06) |
| Physical Disability | 0.97 (0.44–2.18) | 0.63 (0.26–1.51) | 1.35 (0.54–3.39) | 0.63 (0.25–1.52) | 0.55 (0.24–1.26) | 0.76 (0.26–2.2) |
| Lives with at least one biological parent | 1.68 (0.79–3.53) | 1.52 (0.7–3.32) | 1.84 (0.76–4.48) | 0.93 (0.34–2.51) | 1.23 (0.49–3.13) | 1.75 (0.49–6.23) |
| Lives with both biological parents | 0.99 (0.39–2.51) | 1.48 (0.59–3.67) | 1.06 (0.35–3.25) | 0.9 (0.25–3.22) | 2.34 (0.8–6.75) | 3.35 (0.75–14.88) |
| Child sense of belonging and safety at home | 1 (0.86–1.16) | 0.98 (0.84–1.14) | 1.06 (0.89–1.27) | 0.98 (0.79–1.22) | 1.01 (0.81–1.26) | 1.28 (0.99–1.67)¥ |
| Intervention | 0.63 (0.32–1.23) | 0.76 (0.38–1.51) | 0.61 (0.27–1.38) | 1.4 (0.57–3.42) | 0.61 (0.27–1.34) | 1.75 (0.58–5.21) |
aMuslim affiliation compared to Christian/Catholic (ref); b Compared to no biological parents; ¥ p < 0.10; * p < 0.05; ** p < 0.01; *** p < 0.001