Table 2.
Child characteristics
| Variable | C/TD (n = 15) | C/ND (n = 12) | A/TD (n = 15) | A/ND (n = 17) | p value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age at blood draw (years) | 3.68 ± 0.20 | 3.61 ± 0.23 | 3.14 ± 0.29 | 3.60 ± 0.21 | 0.2381 | |
| Child sex | Male | 46.7% (7) | 58.3% (7) | 53.3% (8) | 58.8% (10) | 0.9023 |
| Female | 53.3% (8) | 41.7% (5) | 46.7% (7) | 41.2% (7) | ||
| Height < 10th percentile | No | 100.0% (15) | 83.3% (10) | 78.6% (11) | 56.3% (9)❋ | 0.0192 |
| Yes | 0.0% (0) | 16.7% (2) | 21.4% (3) | 43.8% (7) | ||
| Weight < 10th percentile | No | 93.3% (14) | 83.3% (10) | 78.6% (11) | 50.0% (8) | 0.0452 |
| Yes | 6.7% (1) | 16.7% (2) | 21.4% (3) | 50.0% (8) | ||
| Occipital-frontal circumference < 10th percentile | No | 100.0% (15) | 91.7% (11) | 85.7% (12) | 62.5% (10) | 0.0292 |
| Yes | 0.0% (0) | 8.3% (1) | 14.3% (2) | 37.5% (6) | ||
| Smooth philtrum | No | 86.7% (13) | 66.7% (8) | 85.7% (12) | 56.3% (9) | 0.1742 |
| Yes | 13.3% (2) | 33.3% (4) | 14.3% (2) | 43.8% (7) | ||
| Thin vermilion border | No | 86.7% (13) | 75.0% (9) | 92.9% (13) | 62.5% (10) | 0.2672 |
| Yes | 13.3% (2) | 25.0% (3) | 7.1% (1) | 37.5% (6) | ||
| Palpebral fissure length < 10th percentile | No | 100.0% (15) | 91.7% (11) | 92.9% (13) | 68.8% (11) | 0.0522 |
| Yes | 0.0% (0) | 8.3% (1) | 7.1% (1) | 31.3% (5) | ||
| Age at 1st exam (years) | 0.56 ± 0.01 | 0.51 ± 0.02 | 0.55 ± 0.02 | 0.56 ± 0.20 | 0.0591 | |
| Mental development index (1st exam) | 91.67 ± 0.87 | 82.08 ± 3.40❋ | 91.87 ± 0.98⦿ | 80.87 ± 2.05❋,✦ | < 0.0011 | |
| Psychomotor development index (1st exam) | 92.00 ± 2.13 | 81.92 ± 2.75❋ | 88.40 ± 2.19 | 80.47 ± 3.28❋ | < 0.0071 | |
| Age at 2nd exam (years) | 1.05 ± 0.02 | 0.99 ± 0.01 | 1.05 ± 0.02 | 1.02 ± 0.01 | 0.0841 | |
| Mental development index (2nd exam) | 94.93 ± 2.77 | 84.55 ± 2.36❋ | 96.93 ± 2.06⦿ | 76.63 ± 2.06❋,✦ | < 0.0011 | |
| Psychomotor development index (2nd exam) | 107.36 ± 3.2 | 92.45 ± 3.95 | 102.43 ± 2.60 | 83.81 ± 3.60❋,✦ | < 0.0011 | |
Abbreviations: C/TD control mother (low to no alcohol), typically developing child; C/ND control mother (low to no alcohol), neurodevelopmental delay in the child; A/TD alcohol-consuming mother, typically developing child; A/ND alcohol-consuming mother, neurodevelopmental delay in the child. Continuous variables are reported as average value ± standard error. Categorical variables are reported as percentage of group followed by the N in parentheses. For both the A/TD and A/ND groups, one subject did not complete the dysmorphology exam. For the neurodevelopmental assessments, two subjects from the A/ND group did not complete the 6-month assessment and one subject from each group did not complete the 12-month assessment, with no subjects failing to complete the assessment at both time points. 1Kruskal-Wallis rank sum test. 2Fisher’s exact test. 3Chi-square test. p values in italics are statistically significant; post hoc testing—❋< C/TD; ⦿> C/ND; ✦< A/TD