Table 3.
Association of sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) consumption by Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children aged 0–3 years with sociodemographic, life circumstances, and health and well-being factors (combined sample) in the Longitudinal Study of Indigenous Children Wave 1 (2008)
| % any SSB | n/N | PR | 95 % CI | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total | 50·7 | 473/933 | – | – | – |
| Sociodemographic factors | |||||
| Child gender | 0·570 | ||||
| Male | 49·9 | 236/473 | 1·00 | Ref. | |
| Female | 51·5 | 237/460 | 1·03 | 0·93, 1·13 | |
| Child age group* | <0·001 | ||||
| 0–12 months | 29·3 | 83/283 | 1·00 | Ref. | |
| >12–18 months | 56·2 | 218/388 | 1·88 | 1·51, 2·33 | |
| >18–36 months | 65·7 | 172/262 | 2·13 | 1·66, 2·74 | |
| Child Indigenous status | 0·079 | ||||
| Aboriginal | 51·7 | 419/811 | 1·00 | Ref. | |
| Torres Strait Islander | 35·0 | 21/60 | 0·63 | 0·42, 0·95 | |
| Aboriginal & Torres Strait Islander | 53·2 | 33/62 | 0·91 | 0·72, 1·14 | |
| Area-level advantage* | 0·377 | ||||
| Most advantaged | 38·3 | 75/196 | 0·80 | 0·58, 1·10 | |
| Mid-level advantage | 51·1 | 298/583 | 0·88 | 0·67, 1·16 | |
| Most disadvantaged | 64·9 | 100/154 | 1·00 | Ref. | |
| Remoteness | 0·001 | ||||
| Major cities | 36·3 | 93/256 | 0·63 | 0·49, 0·80 | |
| Regional | 49·7 | 172/346 | 0·85 | 0·68, 1·07 | |
| Remote | 62·8 | 208/331 | 1·00 | Ref. | |
| Mother’s age at birth | 0·002 | ||||
| Not birth mother | 50·9 | 28/55 | 0·82 | 0·66, 1·03 | |
| Up to 21 years | 62·6 | 129/206 | 1·00 | Ref. | |
| 21–30 years | 50·2 | 213/424 | 0·84 | 0·74, 0·96 | |
| >30 years | 41·5 | 103/248 | 0·73 | 0·62, 0·86 | |
| Caregiver is partnered | 0·938 | ||||
| No | 50·9 | 208/409 | 1·00 | Ref. | |
| Yes | 50·6 | 265/524 | 1·00 | 0·89, 1·11 | |
| Caregiver is employed | 0·025 | ||||
| No | 53·7 | 364/678 | 1·00 | Ref. | |
| Yes | 43·2 | 107/248 | 0·83 | 0·71, 0·98 | |
| Missing | 28·6 | 2/7 | – | – | |
| Number of children in the household* | 0·055 | ||||
| 1 | 42·9 | 109/254 | 0·80 | 0·67, 0·97 | |
| 2 | 47·9 | 112/234 | 0·84 | 0·71, 1·00 | |
| 3 | 53·5 | 106/198 | 0·94 | 0·81, 1·09 | |
| 4 or more | 59·1 | 146/247 | 1·00 | Ref. | |
| Life circumstances | |||||
| Caregiver has a strong family | 0·028 | ||||
| Not really or sometimes | 58·2 | 78/134 | 1·00 | Ref. | |
| Most times | 43·4 | 56/129 | 0·76 | 0·62, 0·94 | |
| Always | 50·6 | 338/668 | 0·85 | 0·72, 0·99 | |
| Missing | 50·0 | 1/2 | – | – | |
| Caregiver has lots of friends | 0·005 | ||||
| None or not many | 53·5 | 92/172 | 1·00 | Ref. | |
| Fair few | 53·3 | 170/319 | 1·03 | 0·88, 1·21 | |
| Lots | 47·7 | 211/442 | 0·81 | 0·68, 0·97 | |
| Caregiver has someone to talk to when upset | 0·059 | ||||
| Never or little bit | 59·3 | 83/140 | 1·00 | Ref. | |
| Fair bit | 49·2 | 60/122 | 0·87 | 0·71, 1·07 | |
| Always | 49·1 | 328/668 | 0·83 | 0·71, 0·97 | |
| Missing | 66·7 | 2/3 | – | – | |
| Caregiver advice from mothers, Aunties, Elders | 0·559 | ||||
| No | 49·7 | 298/600 | 1·00 | Ref. | |
| Yes | 53·2 | 148/278 | 1·04 | 0·91, 1·19 | |
| Missing | 49·1 | 27/55 | – | – | |
| Family financial strain | 0·001 | ||||
| We run out of money | 64·3 | 101/157 | 1·00 | Ref. | |
| We have just enough money | 51·7 | 216/418 | 0·81 | 0·69, 0·95 | |
| We can save | 44·9 | 144/321 | 0·69 | 0·57, 0·84 | |
| Missing | 32·4 | 12/37 | – | – | |
| Family worries about money | 0·008 | ||||
| No | 48·5 | 315/650 | 0·83 | 0·73, 0·95 | |
| Yes | 55·7 | 151/271 | 1·00 | Ref. | |
| Missing | 58·3 | 7/12 | – | – | |
| Home needs major repairs | 0·258 | ||||
| No | 47·0 | 259/551 | 0·92 | 0·80, 1·06 | |
| Yes | 55·6 | 203/365 | 1·00 | Ref. | |
| Missing | 64·7 | 11/17 | – | – | |
| Number of homes since study child’s birth | 0·299 | ||||
| 1 | 47·5 | 290/611 | 0·87 | 0·73, 1·05 | |
| 2 | 55·6 | 125/225 | 0·94 | 0·77, 1·14 | |
| 3 or more | 60·2 | 53/88 | 1·00 | Ref. | |
| Missing | 55·6 | 5/9 | – | – | |
| Caregiver experience of discrimination | 0·016 | ||||
| Not really | 51·8 | 281/543 | 0·87 | 0·77, 0·97 | |
| Little bit to lots of times | 59·1 | 133/225 | 1·00 | Ref. | |
| Missing | 35·8 | 59/165 | – | – | |
| Humbugged in the last year | 0·001 | ||||
| No | 47·3 | 343/725 | 0·79 | 0·70, 0·91 | |
| Yes | 62·1 | 126/203 | 1·00 | Ref. | |
| Missing | 80·0 | 4/5 | – | – | |
| Number of negative life events* | <0·001 | ||||
| 0 | 39·9 | 59/148 | 0·68 | 0·55, 0·85 | |
| 1 | 44·5 | 101/227 | 0·73 | 0·64, 0·84 | |
| 2 | 47·7 | 82/172 | 0·80 | 0·67, 0·96 | |
| 3 to 10 | 61·4 | 202/329 | 1·00 | Ref. | |
| Missing | 50·9 | 29/57 | – | – | |
| Health and well-being | |||||
| Prenatal check-ups | 0·060 | ||||
| No check-ups | 66·7 | 16/24 | 1·00 | Ref. | |
| Some check-ups, not regular | 63·6 | 28/44 | 0·93 | 0·69, 1·24 | |
| Regular check-ups | 49·6 | 400/807 | 0·80 | 0·63, 1·00 | |
| Missing | 50·0 | 29/58 | – | – | |
| Smoking during pregnancy | <0·001 | ||||
| No | 42·9 | 176/410 | 0·77 | 0·67, 0·89 | |
| Yes | 58·3 | 256/439 | 1·00 | Ref. | |
| Missing | 48·8 | 41/84 | – | – | |
| Duration of breast-feeding | 0·638 | ||||
| Never breast-fed | 46·4 | 84/181 | 1·00 | Ref. | |
| Less than 6 months | 49·2 | 97/197 | 1·08 | 0·88, 1·33 | |
| 6 months or more | 52·2 | 286/548 | 1·01 | 0·84, 1·21 | |
| Missing | 85·7 | 6/7 | – | – | |
| Postnatal depression | 0·251 | ||||
| No | 50·6 | 367/726 | 0·94 | 0·76, 1·16 | |
| Yes (treated) | 55·4 | 36/65 | 1·09 | 0·83, 1·44 | |
| Yes (untreated) | 48·6 | 35/72 | 1·00 | Ref. | |
| Missing | 50·0 | 35/70 | – | – | |
| Caregiver social and emotional well-being | <0·001 | ||||
| Good (low distress) | 44·9 | 286/637 | 0·73 | 0·62, 0·85 | |
| Poor (high distress) | 65·3 | 113/173 | 1·00 | Ref. | |
| Missing | 60·2 | 74/123 | – | – | |
| Child general health | 0·799 | ||||
| Good, fair or poor | 50·8 | 98/193 | 1·00 | Ref. | |
| Excellent or very good | 50·8 | 375/738 | 0·98 | 0·84, 1·14 | |
| Missing | 0·0 | 0/2 | – | – | |
| Caregiver general health | 0·014 | ||||
| Good, fair or poor | 54·2 | 254/469 | 1·00 | Ref. | |
| Excellent or very good | 47·6 | 215/452 | 0·85 | 0·75, 0·97 | |
| Missing | 33·3 | 4/12 | – | – | |
| Access to health services | 0·003 | ||||
| Adequate access | 48·9 | 415/848 | 0·76 | 0·64, 0·91 | |
| Unmet need for health services | 67·9 | 55/81 | 1·00 | Ref. | |
| Missing | 75·0 | 3/4 | – | – | |
| Home visits after birth | <0·001 | ||||
| No home visits | 52·7 | 187/355 | 1·00 | Ref. | |
| Home visits not from AHW | 45·7 | 210/460 | 1·00 | 0·85, 1·17 | |
| Home visits from AHW | 70·1 | 75/107 | 1·37 | 1·17, 1·59 | |
| Missing | 9·1 | 1/11 | – | – | |
| Caregiver currently smokes | <0·001 | ||||
| No | 40·6 | 159/392 | 0·76 | 0·63, 0·85 | |
| Yes | 58·0 | 314/541 | 1·00 | Ref. | |
| Caregiver knowledge of family, culture, history | 0·886 | ||||
| Not much or a little bit | 49·3 | 150/304 | 1·00 | Ref. | |
| Fair bit | 49·8 | 124/249 | 0·97 | 0·83, 1·14 | |
| Lots | 52·7 | 199/378 | 0·96 | 0·81, 1·13 | |
| Missing | 0·0 | 0/2 | – | – |
PR, prevalence ratio; AHW, Aboriginal Health Worker; ref., reference category.
All models exclude children missing data on the exposure of interest; all models are adjusted for age group and remoteness (where appropriate).
P value shown is for the Wald statistic.
The missing category for caregiver discrimination is large because caregivers were asked this question only if they identified as Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander.
*
Significant trend of decreasing prevalence of SSB intake with decreasing value of the exposure variable, i.e. decreasing prevalence with decreasing area-level disadvantage, household size and number of negative life events (P trend < 0·05); only tested for ordinal variables.