Table 1.
Overview of clinical studies addressing the incidence of cancer in patients with heart failure (primary outcome)
| Study | Design | Population | Patients, n | Follow‐up period (years) | Primary outcome | Secondary outcomes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hasin et al.8 | Case‐control | General population with or without HF |
Total: 1192 HF: 596 Cancer: 102 |
7.7 ± 6.4 | HR 1.68, 95% CI 1.13–2.50 adjusted for BMI, smoking, and co‐morbidities | Incident cancer increased the risk of death: HR 1.56, 95% CI 1.22–1.99 adjusted for age, sex, index year, and co‐morbidities |
| Hasin et al.9 | Prospective cohort study | Post‐MI with or without HF |
Total: 1081 HF: 228 Cancer: 28 |
4.9 ± 3.0 | HR 1.71, 95% CI 1.07–2.73 adjusted for age, sex, and Charlson co‐morbidity index | Incident cancer increased the risk of death: HR 3.91, 95% CI 1.88–8.12 |
| Rinde et al.10 | Prospective population‐based study | Patients with either a MI or not |
Total: 28 763 MI: 1747 Cancer: 146 |
15.7 | HR 1.46, 95% CI 1.21–1.77 adjusted for age, sex, BMI, systolic blood pressure, diabetes mellitus, HDL cholesterol, smoking, physical activity and education level |
Increased cancer incidence highest during the first 6 months post‐MI: HR 2.15, 95% CI 1.29–3.58 3 years post‐MI risk of incidence cancer: HR 1.60, 95% CI 1.27–2.03 |
| Banke et al.11 | Prospective study |
HF subjects (LVEF < 45%) compared to the general population |
Total: 4 949 968 HF: 9307 Cancer: 975 |
4.5 ± 2.3 | IRR 1.24, 95% CI 1.15–1.33 adjusted for age, sex |
After 180 days: IRR 1.17, 95% CI 1.08–1.27 After 365 days: IRR 1.14, 95% CI 1.05–1.24 |
| Berton et al.12 | Prospective study | Post‐MI |
Total: 589 MI: 589 Cancer: 99 |
17 | IR 17.8 cases/1000 person‐years | Incident cancer increased the risk of death: HR 1.8, 95% CI 1.1–2.9 |
| Selvaraj et al.13 | Pooled RCTs |
PHS I: control vs. low‐dose aspirin and β‐carotene PHS II: control vs. vitamin supplementation Self‐reported HF, no data on cardiac function |
Total: 28 341 HF: 1420 Cancer: 177 |
19.9 [25th–75th percentile: 11.0–26.8] | HR 1.02, 95% CI 0.84–1.25 adjusted for enrolment group, race, cigarette smoking (never, former, current), alcohol use, aspirin use, family history of cancer, cirrhosis, proton pump inhibitor or H2 blocker use, and sun exposure | No increased risk of cancer death: HR 1.16, 95% CI 0.82–1.65 adjusted for the same model as the primary outcome |
BMI, body mass index; CI, confidence interval; HDL, high‐density lipoprotein; HF, heart failure; HR, hazard ratio; IRR, incidence rate ratio; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; MI, myocardial infarction; PHS, Physicians' Health Study; RCT, randomised clinical trial.