Table 1.

Summary of the typical paper‐based microfluidic electrochemical sensing devices.

Working electrode or reaction area	Fabrication method	Analysis method[a]	Paper type (flow rate)	Analyte and corresponding LOD[b]	Features	Ref.
PB[c]/carbon modified with enzyme	Photolithography, screen‐printing	CA	Whatman grade 1	Glucose: 0.21 mM Lactate: 0.36 mM Uric acid: 1.38 mM	The first microfluidic paper‐based electrochemical device	[9]
Carbon, enzyme	Photolithography, screen‐printing	CA	Whatman grade 1	Glucose: 0.22 mM	Compatible with a commercial glucometer	[65]
ZnO NWs[c] on carbon	Wax‐printing, stencil‐printing	CA	Whatman grade 1	Glucose: 59.5 μM	Low LOD achieved by electrode modification	[66]
Aptamers, glucose oxidase labeled DNA	Wax‐printing, screen‐printing, origami	CC	Whatman grade 1	Adenosine: 11.8 μM	Self‐powered sensor	[10]
Carbon, antibodies mobilized on MWCNTs[c]	Wax‐printing, screen‐printing, origami	DPV	Not mentioned	AFPc: 0.01 ng/mL CA125c: 6.0 mU/mL CA199c: 8.0 mU/mL CEAc: 5.0 pg/mL	Highly integrated for simultaneous detection of 4 cancer markers	[67]
Carbon, antibodies mobilized on CdS NPs[c] and MWCNTs[c]	Wax‐printing, screen‐printing, origami	PEC	Whatman grade 1	CEAc: 2.1 pg/mL	Multiplex immunoassay based on PEC	[68]
Au	Wax‐printing, sputtering	CA	Whatman P81	Paracetamol: 25 μmol/L 4‐aminophenol: 10 μmol/L	Efficient separation of analytes by the paper channel	[69]
Carbon, Bi	Photolithography, screen‐printing	ASV	Whatman grade 1	Pb2+: 1.0 ppb	Enhanced sensitivity with fluidic analyte	[65]
Graphite	Wax‐printing, screen‐printing	SWV	Whatman grade 1	Cd2+: 11 ppb Pb2+: 7 ppb	Capable to detect mud‐spiked sample	[13]
Graphite foil	Cutting, stacking	SWV	VWR415 (130 μL/min)	Cd2+: 1.2 μg/L Pb2+: 1.8 μg/L	Modifier‐free electrodes	[14]
Ru@AuNPs[c] and Si@CNCs[c] conjugated DNA strands	Wax‐printing, screen‐printing	ECL	Whatman grade 1	Pb2+: 10 pM Hg2+: 0.2 nM	Capable to detect lake water and human serum sample	[70]
Polypyrrole/ZnO/AuNPsc/paper	Origami, molecular imprinting	PEC	Whatman grade 1	Pentachlorophenol: 4 pg/mL	Capable to detect real sample	[71]
Carbon black and PB[c] NPs, butyrylthiocholine	Wax‐printing, screen‐printing	CA	Cordenons filter paper, 67 g/m2	Paraoxon: 10 μg/L	Reagent‐free analysis	[12]
Pencil stroke	Wax‐printing, pencil‐drawing	CA	Whatman grade 1	Ascorbic acid: 30 μM Sunset yellow: 90 μM	Efficient separation of analytes by the paper channel	[11]
Carbon	Ink‐writing	DPV	A4 paper 70 mg	Melamine: 1.0 μM	Easy fabrication by writing electrodes on paper	[72]

[a] CA: chronoamperometry; CC: concentration cell; DPV: differential pulse voltammetry; ASV: anodic stripping voltammetry; SWV: square wave voltammetry; ECL: electrochemiluminescence; PEC: photoelectrochemistry. [b] LOD: Limit of detection [c] PB: Prussian Blue; NWs: nanowires; NPs: nanoparticles; MWCNTs: multi‐wall carbon nanotubes; Ru@AuNPs: Ru(bpy)₃ ²⁺ gold nanoparticles aggregates; Si@CNCs: carbon nanocrystals capped silica nanoparticles; AFP: f‐fetoprotein; CA125: carcinoma antigen 125; CA199: carcinoma antigen 199; CEA: carcinoembryonic antigen; AuNPs: gold nanoparticles.