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Use of Visual Analog Scale for Anxiety (VAS-A), Visual Analog Scale for Pain (VAS-P), and Patient Opinion of Pain Management (POPM) assessment tools at various study time points. Patients were given lavender aromatherapy before the operation, in the induction room, in the OR at the start of surgery (OR1), and every 30 minutes thereafter (OR2–OR5). The POPM was administered to patients in the neurosurgical intensive care unit (Neuro-ICU).
