FIGURE 1.

Overview of the autophagy pathway in yeast. Five key stages of autophagy are as follows: (1) Phagophore nucleates at the PAS and sequesters vesicle formation in yeast; (2) phagophore expands to sequester the cargo; (3) phagophore closes the double-membrane autophagosomes; (4) autophagosome fuses with the vacuole, releasing the inner vesicle, known as the autophagic body; (5) autophagic bodies are degraded by vacuolar hydrolases, and the products are released into the cytosol by various permeases. Revised from Nakatogawa et al., 2009.