Anti-inflammatory effects of HNG in LPS-treated mice and cultured human macrophages. A) Human macrophages were treated with Dexa (10 µM), LPS (100 ng/ml), or HNG (10 or 100 nM), or a combination thereof. The cell culture medium was collected and TNF-α levels were measured by ELISA (n = 4). B) Four-week-old C57BL6 male mice were treated with LPS (30 mg/kg body weight), Dexa (2 mg/kg body weight), or HNG (100 µg/kg body weight), or a combination thereof, for 3 h followed by blood collection and euthanasia. Serum levels of IL-6 were analyzed by ELISA (n = 8). All error bars indicate sd. For statistical analysis, 1-way ANOVA was used. **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001.