Table 2.
Weighted Descriptive Statistics by Gender and Wave 3 Caregiving Status.
| Variable | Mean (SD)/proportion | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wives | Husbands | |||
| Non- and non- spousal caregivers |
Spousal caregivers |
Non- and non- spousal caregivers |
Spousal caregivers |
|
| N (unweighted) | 439 | 44 | 458 | 39 |
| Outcome in Wave 2 | ||||
| Depression (CES-D) | 3.94 (3.73) | 4.96 (3.87) | 3.24 (3.48) | 5.27 (4.54)* |
| Loneliness (UCLA-R) | 0.89 (1.40) | 0.89 (1.48) | 0.64 (1.10) | 1.02 (1.12) |
| Anxiety (HADs) | 5.87 (3.02) | 6.47 (3.65) | 5.29 (3.00) | 5.09 (2.42) |
| Stress (PSS) | 4.04 (1.57) | 3.54 (1.82) | 4.11 (1.52) | 4.04 (1.47) |
| Religious Service Attendance | 2.66 (1.73) | 2.22 (1.80) | 2.34 (1.79) | 2.38 (2.06) |
| Social engagement | 10.10 (4.05) | 8.74 (4.12) | 9.13 (4.02) | 9.44 (5.78) |
| Family Support | 2.53 (0.62) | 2.63 (0.56) | 2.18 (0.76) | 2.17 (0.71) |
| Friend Support | 2.23 (0.78) | 2.36 (0.64) | 1.87 (0.80) | 1.81 (0.78) |
| Outcome in Wave 3 | ||||
| Depression (CES-D) | 4.72 (4.09) | 5.51 (4.08) | 3.74 (3.58) | 5.05 (3.92) |
| Loneliness (UCLA-R) | 0.78 (1.27) | 1.27 (1.30) | 0.62 (1.10) | 0.70 (0.94) |
| Anxiety (HADs) | 5.66 (2.94) | 7.20 (3.42) * | 5.27 (2.87) | 6.16 (3.37) |
| Stress (PSS) | 4.04 (1.52) | 4.74 (1.62) * | 3.92 (1.70) | 4.86 (1.66)* |
| Religious Service Attendance | 2.56 (1.76) | 2.18 (1.69) | 2.35 (1.78) | 2.31 (1.84) |
| Social engagement | 9.97 (4.31) | 8.78 (3.95) | 9.21 (4.00) | 9.25 (4.73) |
| Family Support | 2.53 (0.56) | 2.54 (0.52) | 2.27 (0.65) | 2.31 (0.70) |
| Friend Support | 2.10 (0.72) | 2.27 (0.62) | 1.87 (0.72) | 1.64 (0.71) |
| Covariates | ||||
| MoCA-SA in Wave 3 | 24.07 (3.97) | 23.12 (4.08) | 23.06 (4.18) | 21.30 (3.79)* |
| Change in MoCA-SA (W3-W2) | −0.47 (3.02) | −0.54 (2.96) | −0.30 (2.98) | −1.01 (3.20)* |
| Functional limitations in Wave 3 | 0.46 (1.10) | 0.45 (1.12) | 0.40 (0.94) | 1.04 (1.42)* |
| Change in functional limitations (W3-W2) | 0.10 (0.91) | −0.16 (0.86) | 0.13 (1.06) | 0.62 (1.25)* |
| Household income (%) | ||||
| Less than $25,000 | 10.0 | 7.9 | 9.7 | 22.3 |
| $25,000<= $50,000 | 25.2 | 25.7 | 22.7 | 24.0 |
| >$50,000<=$100,000 | 42.0 | 43.0 | 43.9 | 30.5 |
| > $100,000 | 4.6 | 6.6 | 5.5 | 4.4 |
| Missing | 18.1 | 16.8 | 18.3 | 19.0 |
| Race (%) | * | |||
| White and others | 88.9 | 83.8 | 87.1 | 81.3 |
| Black | 5.4 | 16.2 | 5.8 | 10.1 |
| Hispanic | 5.7 | 0.0 | 7.1 | 8.6 |
| Education (%) | ||||
| Less than high school | 6.9 | 14.5 | 11.7 | 21.0 |
| High school or equivalent | 20.2 | 34.4 | 21.9 | 11.9 |
| Some college | 45.1 | 31.1 | 29.0 | 21.8 |
| Bachelor’s degree or more | 6.9 | 14.5 | 37.4 | 45.3 |
| Age in years (%) | * | |||
| <= 64 | 44.0 | 34.1 | 25.5 | 11.0 |
| 65–74 | 42.7 | 46.6 | 49.8 | 50.5 |
| 75–84 | 12.9 | 19.4 | 24.1 | 33.1 |
| >= 85 | 0.4 | 0.0 | 0.6 | 5.4 |
| Comorbidity Index (%) | *** | |||
| 0 | 6.3 | 13.6 | 14.9 | 1.9 |
| 1 | 28.7 | 14.4 | 22.8 | 12.0 |
| 2 | 25.1 | 19.6 | 22.6 | 9.9 |
| 3 | 19.6 | 35.5 | 14.8 | 10.8 |
| 4 and higher | 20.3 | 16.9 | 25.0 | 65.5 |
Note. MoCA-SA: Montreal Cognitive Assessment – Survey Adapted.
Caregivers and non-caregivers are compared, within gender, using t-tests for continuous variables, and chi-square tests for categorical variables.
*
p < 0.05,
**
p < 0.01,
***
p < 0.001 (two-tailed tests).