Chronic and multimodal carbon-fiber microelectrodes. A schematic of (a) the chronic microelectrode, which is made of a carbon fiber encased in a polyimide-fused silica. (b) FSCV data of food-evoked dopamine release measured at the chronic microelectrode. Panels a, b adapted with permission from Reference 33. Copyright 2010, Springer Nature. (c) Multimodal microelectrode with iontophoresis barrels. (d) FSCV data and histogram of firing rate (insert) of cue-evoked dopamine transient during ICSS. Panels c, d adapted with permission from Reference 37. Copyright 2016, CCC Republication. Abbreviations: FSCV, fast-scan cyclic voltammetry; ICSS, intracranial self-stimulation.