Table 1.
Baseline characteristics, laboratory findings at admission, and variables at discharge in the total population and four haemoglobin concentration level groups from admission to discharge (ΔHgb)‐based subcategories
| Total (n = 2090) | Extreme haemodilution (n = 479) | Modest haemodilution (n = 555) | Modest haemoconcentration (n = 506) | Extreme haemoconcentration (n = 550) | P value (between groups) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline characteristics | ||||||
| Age (years)† , ‡ , || , # | 76.0 (65.0–83.0) | 75.0 (63.0–83.0) | 76.0 (67.0–84.0) | 77.0 (67.0–83.0) | 75.0 (63.0–82.0) | 0.0020* |
| Men | 1294 (61.9) | 309 (64.5) | 337 (60.7) | 308 (60.8) | 340 (61.8) | 0.5828 |
| CKD | 1318 (63.0) | 324 (67.6) | 357 (64.3) | 309 (61.0) | 328 (59.6) | 0.0389 |
| Ischaemic aetiology‡ , § , || | 594 (28.4) | 161 (33.6) | 173 (31.1) | 117 (23.1) | 143 (26.0) | 0.0007* |
| Laboratory findings at admission | ||||||
| Haemoglobin (g/dL)† , ‡ , § , || | 12.4 (10.9–13.9) | 13.4 (12.1–14.9) | 12.3 (10.9–13.7) | 12.2 (10.6–13.5) | 11.8 (10.4–13.4) | <0.0001* |
| Creatinine (mg/dL) | 1.00 (0.77–1.30) | 1.03 (0.80–1.34) | 1.00 (0.80–1.33) | 0.96 (0.76–1.30) | 0.94 (0.73–1.24) | 0.0040* |
| BUN (mg/dL)§ | 20.8 (16.0–28.3) | 21.9 (16.6–30.2) | 21.7 (16.4–29.0) | 20.8 (16.1–27.6) | 19.3 (14.7–26.5) | 0.0001* |
| BUN/creatinine ratio | 20.7 (16.8–26.1) | 20.6 (16.3–27.0) | 21.0 (17.1–25.8) | 20.7 (17.0–25.8) | 20.3 (16.6–26.2) | 0.5556 |
| Vital signs, echocardiographic and laboratory findings, medications at discharge | ||||||
| Systolic BP (mmHg) | 110 (100–122) | 110 (100–124) | 110 (98–122) | 110 (100–122) | 110 (100–120) | 0.4218 |
| Resting HR (beats/min) | 70 (61–78) | 70 (61–80) | 70 (60–78) | 70 (62–78) | 70 (61–80) | 0.4239 |
| WRF (ΔCr > 0.3) | 211 (10.0) | 55 (11.4) | 64 (11.5) | 43 (8.5) | 49 (8.9) | 0.2063 |
| LVEF (%) | 44.0 (31.0–58.0) | 43.0 (30.0–56.0) | 42.0 (30.0–58.0) | 45.0 (32.0–58.0) | 45.0 (32.0–59.0) | 0.0440 |
| Laboratory findings | ||||||
| Haemoglobin (g/dL)† , ‡ , § , || , # , ** | 12.4 (10.9–13.9) | 11.6 (10.5–12.9) | 12.0 (10.7–13.4) | 12.5 (11.0–14.0) | 13.3 (11.9–15.0) | <0.0001* |
| Creatinine (mg/dL) | 1.10 (0.80–1.30) | 1.00 (0.76–1.91) | 1.01 (0.80–1.40) | 1.00 (0.80–1.30) | 0.99 (1.80–1.25) | 0.1735 |
| BUN (mg/dL) | 22.4 (16.7–31.0) | 21.0 (16.0–29.6) | 22.9 (16.7–32.0) | 23.0 (16.8–31.5) | 22.3 (17.5–30.7) | 0.1628 |
| BUN/creatinine ratio§ | 22.1 (17.5–27.3) | 21.9 (16.4–26.9) | 21.7 (17.6–26.7) | 22.0 (17.4–27.4) | 23.1 (18.4–28.7) | 0.0052* |
| ACE‐I or ARBs, n (%) | 1444 (69.0) | 327 (68.2) | 393 (70.8) | 351 (69.3) | 373 (67.8) | 0.7148 |
| Loop diuretics† , ‡ , § | 1617 (77.4) | 338 (70.5) | 444 (80.2) | 393 (77.6) | 442 (80.3) | 0.0005* |
| Beta‐blockers | 1638 (78.4) | 363 (75.7) | 450 (81.0) | 396 (78.2) | 429 (78.1) | 0.2267 |
Continuous variables are presented as median (first–third quartile). Categorical variables are presented as number (percentage). Inter‐subcategory comparisons were performed using analysis of variance or Wilcoxon's signed‐rank test for continuous variables and the chi‐square test for categorical variables. ACE‐I, angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitor; ARBs, angiotensin receptor blockers; BP, blood pressure; BUN, blood urea nitrogen; CKD, chronic kidney disease; Cr, creatinine; HR, heart rate; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; WRF, worsening renal function.
P < 0.05 for extreme haemodilution vs. modest haemodilution.
P < 0.05 for extreme haemodilution vs. modest haemoconcentration.
P < 0.05 for extreme haemodilution vs. extreme haemoconcentration.
P < 0.05 for modest haemodilution vs. modest haemoconcentration.
P < 0.05 for modest haemodilution vs. extreme haemoconcentration.
P < 0.0083 for multiple comparison from Bonferroni correction.
P < 0.05 for modest haemoconcentration vs. extreme haemoconcentration.