Table 1.
Overall (N = 535) | NGR (N = 142) | IGT (N = 113) | DM (N = 280) | P value | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age, years | 65.6 ± 10.0 | 64.0 ± 11.8 | 67.2 ± 8.0* | 65.7 ± 9.7 | 0.035 |
Women, n (%) | 136 (25%) | 41 (29%) | 34 (30%) | 61 (22%) | 0.13 |
NYHA, n (%) | 0.37 | ||||
II | 499 (93%) | 130 (92%) | 105 (93%) | 264 (95%) | |
III | 33 (6%) | 12 (9%) | 8 (7%) | 13 (5%) | |
Systolic BP, mmHg | 127 ± 18 | 124 ± 18 | 129 ± 19* | 128 ± 18 | 0.02 |
Diastolic BP, mmHg | 74 ± 12 | 73 ± 11 | 75 ± 11 | 74 ± 12 | 0.32 |
Heart rate, bpm | 71 ± 15 | 71 ± 14 | 71 ± 14 | 72 ± 15 | 0.83 |
BMI, kg/m2 | 24.6 ± 4.1 | 23.7 ± 3.8 | 24.3 ± 3.7** | 25.3 ± 4.3 | <0.001 |
Smoking (past or current), n (%) | 272 (48%) | 74 (52%) | 51 (45%) | 147 (53%) | 0.64 |
Ischaemic heart disease, n (%) | 249 (47%) | 47 (33%) | 47 (42%)** | 155 (55%) | <0.001 |
History of HF hospitalization, n (%) | 269 (50%) | 69 (49%) | 59 (52%) | 141 (50%) | 0.85 |
Atrial fibrillation, n (%) | 226 (42%) | 64 (45%) | 52 (46%) | 110 (39%) | 0.34 |
Cancer, n (%) | 59 (11%) | 19 (13%) | 10 (9%) | 30 (11%) | 0.50 |
LVEF, % | 53.7 ± 14.5 | 53.9 ± 15.0 | 50.9 ± 14.8** | 54.7 ± 14.1 | 0.06 |
LVEF categories | 0.015 | ||||
EF ≥50%, n (%) | 310 (62%) | 85 (60%) | 60 (53%) | 184 (66%) | |
EF 40–49%, n (%) | 110 (21%) | 35 (25%) | 21 (19%) | 54 (19%) | |
EF < 40%, n (%) | 96 (18%) | 22 (16%) | 32 (28%) | 42 (15%) | |
LV mass index, g/m2 | 137.0 ± 43.8 | 141.4 ± 47.0 | 143.6 ± 44.1** | 132.0 ± 41.3 | 0.024 |
LV geometry | |||||
Normal LV, n (%) | 35 (7%) | 9 (6%) | 8 (7%) | 18 (7%) | 0.95 |
Eccentric LVH, n (%) | 216 (41%) | 56 (39%) | 47 (43%) | 113 (41%) | 0.84 |
Concentric LV remodelling, n (%) | 14 (3%) | 3 (2%) | 0 | 11 (4%) | 0.08 |
Concentric LVH, n (%) | 134 (25%) | 33 (23%) | 24 (21%) | 77 (28%) | 0.36 |
LA dimension, mm | 43.0 ± 8.6 | 42.6 ± 9.4 | 43.6 ± 8.4 | 43.0 ± 8.1 | 0.68 |
E/A ratio | 1.0 ± 0.7 | 1.1 ± 0.7 | 1.0 ± 0.9 | 0.9 ± 0.5 | 0.21 |
Haemoglobin, g/dL | 13.7 ± 1.8 | 13.5 ± 1.8 | 13.7 ± 1.9 | 13.8 ± 1.9 | 0.61 |
HbA1c, median (IQR), % | 6.1 (5.7, 6.8) | 5.7 (5.6, 5.9) | 5.8 (5.7, 6.1) | 6.6 (6.1, 7.5) | <0.001 |
eGFR | 74.7 ± 33.5 | 80.3 ± 40.5 | 75.9 ± 33.7 | 71.4 ± 29.0 | 0.034 |
CKD stage | 0.42 | ||||
G1 | 115 (22%) | 39 (28%) | 26 (23%) | 50 (18%) | |
G2 | 241 (45%) | 59 (42%) | 49 (43%) | 133 (48%) | |
G3a | 103 (19%) | 26 (18%) | 22 (20%) | 55 (20%) | |
G3b | 50 (9%) | 15 (11%) | 10 (9%) | 25 (9%) | |
G4 | 25 (5%) | 3 (2%) | 6 (5%) | 16 (6%) | |
BNP, median (IQR) | 78.2 (38.1, 174.0) | 73.3 (36.8, 198.5) | 92.7 (52.6, 237.0)** | 70.9 (32.1, 159.0) | 0.011 |
UACR, median (IQR) | 20.9 (8.4, 65.6) | 12.6 (6.2, 42.9) | 14.9 (8.7, 46.1)** | 26.8 (10.9, 93.0) | <0.001 |
Albuminuria, n (%) | 222 (42%) | 47 (33%) | 41 (36%)** | 134 (48%) | 0.007 |
ACEI, n (%) | 431 (81%) | 122 (86%) | 90 (80%) | 219 (78%) | 0.16 |
β‐blocker, n (%) | 394 (74%) | 102 (72%) | 95 (84%)* , ** | 197 (70%) | 0.017 |
Ca channel blocker, n (%) | 201 (38%) | 46 (32%) | 42 (37%) | 113 (40%) | 0.28 |
Loop diuretics, n (%) | 275 (51%) | 66 (47%) | 62 (55%) | 147 (53%) | 0.36 |
Spironolactone, n (%) | 145 (27%) | 37 (26%) | 33 (29%) | 75 (27%) | 0.84 |
Thiazide, n (%) | 22 (4%) | 4 (3%) | 4 (4%) | 14 (5%) | 0.53 |
Statin, n (%) | 262 (49%) | 53 (37%) | 52 (46%) | 157 (56%) | 0.001 |
Oral diabetes medication, n (%) | 132 (25%) | — | — | 132 (47%) | — |
Insulin use, n (%) | 28 (5%) | — | — | 28 (10%) | — |
Aspirin, n (%) | 289 (60%) | 76 (62%) | 62 (61%) | 151 (58%) | 0.73 |
Warfarin, n (%) | 162 (33%) | 39 (32%) | 33 (32%) | 90 (35%) | 0.84 |
Two patients are missing information on NYHA functional class. Left ventricular dimensions and mass were indexed to body surface area as per European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging (EACI) guidelines.34 Left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) was defined as LV mass index (LVMI) >115 g/m2 in men or > 95 g/m2 in women. Left ventricular geometry was categorized as normal, concentric remodelling (RWT > 0.42, normal LVMI), concentric hypertrophy (RWT > 0.42, elevated LVMI), or eccentric hypertrophy (RWT < 0.42, elevated LVMI). CKD stage was classified by the recommendation of Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO).35 Baseline characteristics stratified by NGR, IGT, and diabetes, and albuminuria are provided in Supporting Information, Table S1.
ACEI, angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitor; BP, blood pressure; BMI, body mass index; BNP, brain natriuretic peptide; DM, diabetes mellitus; HbA1c, haemoglobin A1c; HF, heart failure; LA, left atrium; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; LV, left ventricular; LVH, left ventricular hypertrophy; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; UACR, urinary albumin‐to‐creatinine ratio.
P < 0.05 between the NGR and IGT subgroups.
P < 0.05 between the IGT and DM subgroups.