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. 2019 Oct 24;6(6):1252–1261. doi: 10.1002/ehf2.12516

Table 1.

Baseline characteristics

Overall (N = 535) NGR (N = 142) IGT (N = 113) DM (N = 280) P value
Age, years 65.6 ± 10.0 64.0 ± 11.8 67.2 ± 8.0* 65.7 ± 9.7 0.035
Women, n (%) 136 (25%) 41 (29%) 34 (30%) 61 (22%) 0.13
NYHA, n (%) 0.37
II 499 (93%) 130 (92%) 105 (93%) 264 (95%)
III 33 (6%) 12 (9%) 8 (7%) 13 (5%)
Systolic BP, mmHg 127 ± 18 124 ± 18 129 ± 19* 128 ± 18 0.02
Diastolic BP, mmHg 74 ± 12 73 ± 11 75 ± 11 74 ± 12 0.32
Heart rate, bpm 71 ± 15 71 ± 14 71 ± 14 72 ± 15 0.83
BMI, kg/m2 24.6 ± 4.1 23.7 ± 3.8 24.3 ± 3.7** 25.3 ± 4.3 <0.001
Smoking (past or current), n (%) 272 (48%) 74 (52%) 51 (45%) 147 (53%) 0.64
Ischaemic heart disease, n (%) 249 (47%) 47 (33%) 47 (42%)** 155 (55%) <0.001
History of HF hospitalization, n (%) 269 (50%) 69 (49%) 59 (52%) 141 (50%) 0.85
Atrial fibrillation, n (%) 226 (42%) 64 (45%) 52 (46%) 110 (39%) 0.34
Cancer, n (%) 59 (11%) 19 (13%) 10 (9%) 30 (11%) 0.50
LVEF, % 53.7 ± 14.5 53.9 ± 15.0 50.9 ± 14.8** 54.7 ± 14.1 0.06
LVEF categories 0.015
EF ≥50%, n (%) 310 (62%) 85 (60%) 60 (53%) 184 (66%)
EF 40–49%, n (%) 110 (21%) 35 (25%) 21 (19%) 54 (19%)
EF < 40%, n (%) 96 (18%) 22 (16%) 32 (28%) 42 (15%)
LV mass index, g/m2 137.0 ± 43.8 141.4 ± 47.0 143.6 ± 44.1** 132.0 ± 41.3 0.024
LV geometry
Normal LV, n (%) 35 (7%) 9 (6%) 8 (7%) 18 (7%) 0.95
Eccentric LVH, n (%) 216 (41%) 56 (39%) 47 (43%) 113 (41%) 0.84
Concentric LV remodelling, n (%) 14 (3%) 3 (2%) 0 11 (4%) 0.08
Concentric LVH, n (%) 134 (25%) 33 (23%) 24 (21%) 77 (28%) 0.36
LA dimension, mm 43.0 ± 8.6 42.6 ± 9.4 43.6 ± 8.4 43.0 ± 8.1 0.68
E/A ratio 1.0 ± 0.7 1.1 ± 0.7 1.0 ± 0.9 0.9 ± 0.5 0.21
Haemoglobin, g/dL 13.7 ± 1.8 13.5 ± 1.8 13.7 ± 1.9 13.8 ± 1.9 0.61
HbA1c, median (IQR), % 6.1 (5.7, 6.8) 5.7 (5.6, 5.9) 5.8 (5.7, 6.1) 6.6 (6.1, 7.5) <0.001
eGFR 74.7 ± 33.5 80.3 ± 40.5 75.9 ± 33.7 71.4 ± 29.0 0.034
CKD stage 0.42
G1 115 (22%) 39 (28%) 26 (23%) 50 (18%)
G2 241 (45%) 59 (42%) 49 (43%) 133 (48%)
G3a 103 (19%) 26 (18%) 22 (20%) 55 (20%)
G3b 50 (9%) 15 (11%) 10 (9%) 25 (9%)
G4 25 (5%) 3 (2%) 6 (5%) 16 (6%)
BNP, median (IQR) 78.2 (38.1, 174.0) 73.3 (36.8, 198.5) 92.7 (52.6, 237.0)** 70.9 (32.1, 159.0) 0.011
UACR, median (IQR) 20.9 (8.4, 65.6) 12.6 (6.2, 42.9) 14.9 (8.7, 46.1)** 26.8 (10.9, 93.0) <0.001
Albuminuria, n (%) 222 (42%) 47 (33%) 41 (36%)** 134 (48%) 0.007
ACEI, n (%) 431 (81%) 122 (86%) 90 (80%) 219 (78%) 0.16
β‐blocker, n (%) 394 (74%) 102 (72%) 95 (84%)* , ** 197 (70%) 0.017
Ca channel blocker, n (%) 201 (38%) 46 (32%) 42 (37%) 113 (40%) 0.28
Loop diuretics, n (%) 275 (51%) 66 (47%) 62 (55%) 147 (53%) 0.36
Spironolactone, n (%) 145 (27%) 37 (26%) 33 (29%) 75 (27%) 0.84
Thiazide, n (%) 22 (4%) 4 (3%) 4 (4%) 14 (5%) 0.53
Statin, n (%) 262 (49%) 53 (37%) 52 (46%) 157 (56%) 0.001
Oral diabetes medication, n (%) 132 (25%) 132 (47%)
Insulin use, n (%) 28 (5%) 28 (10%)
Aspirin, n (%) 289 (60%) 76 (62%) 62 (61%) 151 (58%) 0.73
Warfarin, n (%) 162 (33%) 39 (32%) 33 (32%) 90 (35%) 0.84

Two patients are missing information on NYHA functional class. Left ventricular dimensions and mass were indexed to body surface area as per European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging (EACI) guidelines.34 Left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) was defined as LV mass index (LVMI) >115 g/m2 in men or > 95 g/m2 in women. Left ventricular geometry was categorized as normal, concentric remodelling (RWT > 0.42, normal LVMI), concentric hypertrophy (RWT > 0.42, elevated LVMI), or eccentric hypertrophy (RWT < 0.42, elevated LVMI). CKD stage was classified by the recommendation of Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO).35 Baseline characteristics stratified by NGR, IGT, and diabetes, and albuminuria are provided in Supporting Information, Table S1.

ACEI, angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitor; BP, blood pressure; BMI, body mass index; BNP, brain natriuretic peptide; DM, diabetes mellitus; HbA1c, haemoglobin A1c; HF, heart failure; LA, left atrium; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; LV, left ventricular; LVH, left ventricular hypertrophy; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; UACR, urinary albumin‐to‐creatinine ratio.

*

P < 0.05 between the NGR and IGT subgroups.

**

P < 0.05 between the IGT and DM subgroups.

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