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. 2020 Jan 29;10:1414. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-58088-2

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Data-level linkage structure between conventional HIS and GIS. From a software engineering perspective, a comprehensive hospital information system comprises components that represent separated data collection routes and distinguishing characters of the data. We suggest the concept of GIS to illustrate the implementation of the cGDM. This architecture supports both information and functional integration, even with existing clinical information systems.