Figure 3.

Boxplot of movement scores for dogs castrated while sedated with xylazine and a subanesthetic dose of ketamine. Time points are: 1 = baseline, before any drugs, 2 = 3 min post xylazine/ketamine, 3 = before testicle injection, 4 = during first testicle injection, 5 = during second testicle injection, 6 = during skin injection, 7 = during incision, 8 = during first testicle removal, 9 = during second testicle removal, 10 = during subcutaneous suture, 11 = during skin suture, 12 = after toe pinch. ^*Reflects significant difference to baseline (time point 1) movement was subjectively graded on a scale of 0–3 where: 0 = no movement; 1 = slight to moderate, non-purposeful movement that did not interfere with surgical manipulations; 2 = purposeful movement that interfered substantially with surgery; and 3 = purposeful movement that made continuation of surgery impossible. ^*Reflects significant difference to baseline (time point 1). Individual black dots reflect outliers.