Table 1.
Subject characteristics and dietary intake for discovery and validation cohorts.
| Low-carb | Low-fat | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Discovery (n = 32) | Validation (n = 31) | Discovery (n = 34) | Validation (n = 25) | |
| Sex, n (%) | ||||
| Female | 22 (68.8) | 25 (80.6) | 17 (50) | 19 (76) |
| Age, yr (SD) | 43.1 (6) | 42.5 (6) | 40.5 (6.9) | 39.6 (6) |
| Race/ethnicity, n (%) | ||||
| White | 25 (78.1) | 23 (74.2) | 25 (73.5) | 16 (64) |
| Hispanic | 4 (12.5) | 5 (16.1) | 7 (20.6) | 4 (16) |
| Asian | 3 (9.4) | 2 (6.5) | 2 (5.9) | 3 (12) |
| Other | 0 (0) | 1 (3.2) | 0 (0) | 2 (8) |
| Baseline weight, kg (SD) | 92.9 (16.8) | 90 (13.9) | 96.1 (12.4) | 92.6 (12.7) |
| Baseline body fat, % (SD) | 38 (5.8) | 38.4 (6.4) | 34.7 (7) | 37.4 (5.9) |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 (SD) | 33.4 (3.7) | 32.8 (3.5) | 33.2 (3.3) | 33.2 (3.5) |
| Metabolic syndrome, n (%) | 11 (34.4) | 7 (22.6) | 7 (20.6) | 7 (28) |
| Weight lossa, % (SD) | 8.4 (7.7) | 4.8 (6.2) | 6.3 (7.7) | 5.4 (7.6) |
| Weight lossa success category, n (%) | ||||
| US | 9 (28.1) | 14 (45.2) | 11 (32.4) | 10 (40) |
| MS | 10 (31.3) | 11 (35.5) | 15 (44.1) | 7 (28) |
| VS | 13 (40.6) | 6 (19.3) | 8 (23.5) | 8 (32) |
| Dietary Intake | ||||
| Fat, % kcal (SD) | ||||
| Baseline | 38.9 (6.1) | 37.3 (6.4) | 36.8 (6.5) | 36.1 (5.2) |
| 3 months | 57 (9.1) | 48.3 (8.7) | 21.4 (7.2) | 24.9 (7.5) |
| 6 months | 53.6 (9.1) | 44.9 (7.5) | 25.6 (7.6) | 27.8 (9.1) |
| 12 months | 47.5 (10) | 43.2 (8.4) | 28.6 (8.2) | 31.3 (7.9) |
| Carbohydrates, % kcal (SD) | ||||
| Baseline | 44.6 (7.6) | 45.9 (6.6) | 46.4 (7) | 46.8 (6.5) |
| 3 months | 17.6 (11) | 27.7 (10.5) | 59 (9.1) | 54.4 (9.3) |
| 6 months | 22.1 (11.7) | 31.4 (10.4) | 55.6 (8) | 52.3 (9.6) |
| 12 months | 27.3 (12.5) | 35.4 (10.2) | 53.3 (8.1) | 48.1 (8.5) |
| Protein, % kcal (SD) | ||||
| Baseline | 16.6 (3.4) | 16.8 (2.9) | 16.8 (3.4) | 17.1 (3.4) |
| 3 months | 25.4 (6) | 24 (6.1) | 19.5 (4.6) | 20.7 (5.4) |
| 6 months | 24.3 (5.2) | 23.6 (6.8) | 18.7 (4.2) | 19.9 (5) |
| 12 months | 25.2 (7.1) | 21.4 (4.9) | 18.1 (3.9) | 20.5 (4.5) |
| Total fiber, g/1000 kcal (SD) | ||||
| Baseline | 9.9 (3.4) | 10.8 (2.9) | 10.5 (4.4) | 12.2 (4) |
| 3 months | 9 (3.1) | 15.3 (27.5) | 20.1 (7.3) | 15.6 (3.9) |
| 6 months | 9.2 (4.3) | 11.6 (4.1) | 16.1 (5.9) | 15.5 (5.1) |
| 12 months | 11.4 (3.9) | 11.5 (4.8) | 14.6 (5.7) | 13.4 (4) |
| Soluble fiber, g/1000 kcal (SD) | ||||
| Baseline | 2.8 (0.8) | 3.3 (1) | 3.4 (1.5) | 3.7 (1.3) |
| 3 months | 2.5 (1.4) | 3.1 (1.4) | 5.3 (1.8) | 4.6 (1.5) |
| 6 months | 2.5 (1.4) | 3.7 (2) | 4.7 (1.9) | 4.3 (1.4) |
| 12 months | 2.9 (1.1) | 3.4 (1.5) | 4.3 (1.5) | 3.9 (1.1) |
| Insoluble fiber, g/1000 kcal (SD) | ||||
| Baseline | 7 (3) | 7.4 (2.3) | 7.1 (3) | 8.3 (2.8) |
| 3 months | 6.5 (2.4) | 7.5 (3.2) | 14.8 (5.9) | 10.9 (3.1) |
| 6 months | 6.6 (3.4) | 7.8 (2.6) | 11.5 (4.7) | 11.1 (4) |
| 12 months | 8.5 (3.4) | 8 (3.8) | 10.2 (4.5) | 9.4 (3.3) |
| Dietary adherenceb, % kcals (SD) | 77.4 (10.3) | 68.5 (9.1) | 74.7 (5.7) | 72.3 (7.4) |
| Dietary changec, % kcals (SD) | 21.9 (10.5) | 14.4 (10.4) | 11.4 (7.3) | 8.4 (6.1) |
aMeasured after 12 months of dietary intervention.
bPortion of diet from non-restricted foods. Carbohydrate restriction for subjects on low-carb diet; fat restriction for subjects on low-fat diet. Averaged over 3-, 6-, and 12-month dietary recalls.
cReduction in restricted foods from baseline levels. Averaged over 3-, 6-, and 12-month dietary recalls.