Table 2.
Ginsenoside Rg1 promotes the directional differentiation of MSCs in vitro.
| Study | MSC source | Differentiation effects | Related mechanism |
|---|---|---|---|
| Dong et al. (2017) | Mouse adipose tissue | Neural differentiation induced by isobutylmethylxanthine↑ | Small C-terminal domain phosphatase 1↓; miRNA-124, Nestin, β-tubulin III↑ |
| Xu et al. (2014) | Human adipose tissue | Neural differentiation in neural inductive conditioned medium↑ | NSEa, microtubule-associated protein-2, growth-associated protein-43, neural cell adhesion molecule, synapsin-1↑ |
| Wu et al. (2011) | Rat bone marrow | Neural differentiation inhibited by the brain homogenate of a rat dementia model↑ | NSEa positive cells↑ |
| Zuo et al. (2007) | Rat bone marrow | Neural differentiation↑ | NSEa, nerve growth factor↑ |
| Guo et al. (2017) | Human bone marrow | Rg1-loaded alginate-chitosan microspheres promote neural differentiation | Nestin, NSEa, glial fibrillary acidic protein↑ |
| Gu et al. (2016) | Rat bone marrow | Osteogenic differentiation↑ | ALPb, Alizarin red staining, RUNX2, BMP-2, collagen I, osteocalcin↑; regulate the GR-dependent BMP/Smad pathway |
| Yin et al. (2015) | Human periodontal ligament | Osteogenic differentiation in dexamethasone induction↑ | ALPb activity, RUNX2c, collagen I, osteopontin, osteocalcin↑ |
| Wang et al. (2014) | Human dental pulp | Odontogenic/osteogenic differentiation↑ | Dentin sialoprotein, DSPPd, ALPb, osteocalcin, bone morphogenetic protein-2, fibroblast growth factor 2↑ |
| Huang et al. (2016) | Mouse bone marrow | Osteogenic differentiation inhibited by malondialdehyde↑ | calcium nodule, ALPb, Runx2c↑ |
| Xu et al. (2015) | Human adipose tissue | Cartilage differentiation in osteogenic induction medium↑ | Collagen II, collagen XI, acid phosphatase, cartilage oligomeric matrix protein, ELASTIN↑ |
| Wang et al. (2012) | Human dental pulp | Odontoblast-like cells↑ | ALPb; DSPPd, DMP1e↑ |
| Wang and Yaping (2012) | Human dental pulp | Rg1 combined with rhBMP-2 promotes odontogenic differentiation | ALPb activity, DSPPd, DMPle↑ |
| He et al. (2011) | Human bone marrow | Endothelial differentiation in an indirect coculture with human umbilical vein endothelial cells↑ | Von Willebrand factor, VE-cadherin, CD31↑ |
| Li et al. (2011) | Rat bone marrow | Induced pluripotent stem cell differentiation↑ | Nanog, c-Myc, Oct, Klf4, Sox2↑ |
a
NSE : Neuron-specific enolase.
b
ALP : Alkaline phosphatase.
c
RUNX2 : Runt-related transcription factor 2.
d
DSPP : Dentin sialophosphoprotein.
e
DMP1 : Dentin matrix protein 1.