1. Nivolumab could prolong the progression-free survival, and was associated with higher costs and greater benefit (i.e. QALYs and LYs).

2. Nivolumab was most cost-effective for patients who were 65 years of age or older, followed by female patients and patients with tumor PD-L1 expression at least 1%.

3. Nivolumab is unlikely to be cost-effective largely lay with its high price, but it could be negotiated by the National Healthcare Security Administration (NHSA) to reduce the price given the unmet clinical need.