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. 2020 Jan 29;10:1421. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-58249-3

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Diagrams of relevant regions in the COI and Tpi genes used for molecular analysis. (a) the COI gene segments with locations of polymorphic sites used for categorizing the COI-CS h1-h4 variants. (b) Map of the Tpi gene segment consisting of the fourth exon of the presumptive open reading frame and adjacent intron. Site gTpi183Y defines the Tpi-based strain identity. Below are chromatographs for the exon segment containing gTpi183Y and two other strain-specific polymorphic sites. Mya1907B40 is a TpiC allele found in Myanmar while AfrRS1 is the TpiR allele identified in Africa. Combining the two produces the overlapping chromatograph pattern found with TpiH.