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. 2020 Jan 29;10:1429. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-58097-1

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Overall Tuning of Neural Features. (A) Fraction of neural features significantly tuned (2-way Welch-ANOVA, corrected p < 0.05) to force and/or volitional state during the go phase of force production. For participant T8, results are averaged across multiple sessions. Error bars indicate standard deviation. (B) Fraction of total features exhibiting a statistically significant interaction (2-way Welch-ANOVA, p < 0.05) between force and volitional state, subdivided into force-tuned features during observation (O), imagination (I), and attempt (A). Force tuning within each volitional state was determined via one-way Welch-ANOVA (corrected p < 0.05). Error bars indicate standard deviation. Results show that features with an interaction between force and VoS are more likely to have force tuning in the attempt condition than in the observed or imagined conditions.