Table 3. Cohort studies and selected case series on endoscopic assisted nipple sparing mastectomy.
| No. | Author | Year of publication | Number of patients/breasts treated | Operative method | Average operation time (minutes, range or ± SD) | Intra-operative blood loss (mL or g) | Margin positive, n (%) | Complications, n (%) | Follow-up (months) | Local recurrence | Distant metastases | Death |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Kitamura et al. (28) | 2002 | 20/21 | E-NSM | 237±60 | 356±286 g | 1 (4.8) | Prosthesis related complications: 1 (4.8) | 19.2±9.8 (5.8–35.2) | No data | No data | 0% |
| 24/25 | C-NSM | 176±32 | 189±72 g | 2 (8.0) | Prosthesis related complications: 3 (12.0) | No data | No data | No data | 0% | |||
| 2 | Fan et al. (29) | 2009 | 43 | E-NSM | 168±32 | 115±44 | 0% | Nipple or skin flap necrosis: 5 (11.6) | 16.9±11.2 | 0% | 0% | 0% |
| 54 | C-BCS | 139±37 | 102±48 | 0% | Seroma: 6 (11.1) | 20.1±11.9 | 5.9% | 0% | 1.9% | |||
| 3 | Wang et al. (30) | 2016 | 24 | E-NSM | BCS + SNB: 102.38±28.8; BCS + Ax: 122.49±40.5 | No data | 10.6% (85/681) | No data | 12 | 0.3% (2/681) | No data | No data |
| 25 | C-NSM | 69 [55–104] | 45 [10–80] | 28.3% (17/60) | Mesh infection: 11.7% (7/60) | No data | No data | No data | No data | |||
| 4 | Wang et al. (31) | 2017 | 30 | E-NSM | No data | No data | No data | 27.77±20.43 | No data | No data | No data | |
| 30 | C-NSM | No data | No data | No data | 43.22±19.80 | No data | No data | No data | ||||
| 5 | Du et al. (32) | 2017 | 157 | E-NSM | 197 | 95 mL | No data | Infection: 5 (3.18); skin edge necrosis: 11 (7.01); lymphedema: 15 (9.55) | 74 [52–111] | 0% | 4.5% | 3.2% |
| 189 | C-BCS | 165 | 83 mL | No data | Infection: 8 (4.23); skin edge necrosis: 16 (8.46); lymphedema: 23 (12.16) | No data | 3.2% | 1.6% | 3.2% | |||
| 6 | Lai et al. (33) | 2016 | 269 | E-NSM/E-SSM | 282±161 [65–1,310] | 104.5±74.9 [20–650] | 1.1% (3/269) | Overall: 15.2% (48/315) | 26.8 (3.3–68.6) | 1.1% (3/269) | No data | 0.4% (1/269) |
| 7 | Lai et al. (34) | 2018 | 50 | E-NSM | 244.3±82.8 [138–425] | 74.5±47.7 [25–250] | 0% | 6% (3/50: Nipple partial ischemia: 2%, Seroma formation: 4% | 21.6±11.3 (1–42.4) | 0% | 0% | 0% |
E-NSM, endoscopic assisted nipple sparing mastectomy; E-SSM, endoscopic assisted skin sparing mastectomy; C-NSM, conventional nipple sparing mastectomy; C-BCS, conventional breast conserving surgery; BCS, breast conserving surgery; SNB, sentinel lymph node biopsy; Ax, axillary lymph node dissection.