Table 2. Clinical outcomes.

Outcome	Preoperative (mean ± SD)	Last follow-up† (mean ± SD)	P value
VAS pain (back)	7.0±1.8	2.5±2.0	<0.0001*
VAS pain (leg)	6.6±1.9	2.2±2.9	<0.0001*
ODI	52.9±15.2	24.5±20.2	<0.0001*
SF-36 PCS	27.9±7.6	38.3±9.8	0.0001*
SF-36 MCS	38.5±11.6	52.8±9.5	<0.0001*

^†, last follow-up refers to the most recent outcome data for each patient (mean, 35.0 months; range, 24–48 months); *, statistically significant. MCS, mental component score; ODI, Oswestry Disability Index; PCS, physical component score; SD, standard deviation; SF-36, 36-Item Short Form Survey; VAS pain, visual analogue scale pain score.