| Bertram et al. (159) |
In vitro and animal in vivo study (Rabbit model) |
Rabbit NPCs (cultured in fibrin matrix) |
Injectable cell fibrin gel |
Up to 50% matrix injected cells remained in the nucleus and transition zone in contrast to a rapid loss of medium-injected cells. Enhanced survival of cells cultured with fibrin matrix |
| Teixeira et al. (160) |
In vitro |
Bovine IVD |
Chitosan-Diclofenac nanoparticles |
Chitosan-Diclofenac nanoparticles reduces inflammation and also decreases ECM degradation |
| Richardson et al. (161) |
In vitro |
hMSCs |
Chitosan-glycerophosphate |
Chitosan directs MSCs phenotypic differentiation to more NP like cells |
| Sato et al. (163) |
In vitro |
Rabbit AF cells (cultured in atelocollagen) |
Atelocollagen honeycomb-shaped scaffold with a membrane seal |
The amount of type II collagen and its mRNA expression, GAG and proteoglycans in the scaffold cultured cells remained at a higher level than in the monolayer cultured cells |
| Sakai et al. (164) |
In vitro |
Human NPCs (cultured in atelocollagen) |
Atelocollagen |
Results showed that both DNA synthesis and content is significantly greater when cultured in Atelocollagen than in alginate |
| Yang et al. (167) |
Animal in vivo study (Rabbit model) |
Rat IVD MSCs |
Pure fibrinous gelatin (PFG) |
The transplanted MSCs in PFG inhibited apoptosis and slowed the rate of decrease in disc height index |
| Subhan et al. (168) |
Animal in vivo study (Rabbit model) |
Rabbit BM-MSCs (weren’t scaffold cultured but were delivered with hyaluronan hydrogel) |
Hyaluronan hydrogel |
Better MRI scores for MSCs delivered with the hydrogel. Immunohistochemistry staining for collagen type II and aggrecan staining were also higher |
| Woiciechowsky et al. (169) |
Animal in vivo study (Ovine model) |
Acellular |
Polyglycolic acid (PGA) |
Histological analysis showed ingrowth of cells with typical chondrocytic morphology, even cell distribution, and ECM rich in proteoglycan |
| Chang et al. (171) |
In vitro |
Bovine AF cells (Cultured in porous silk scaffolds) |
porous silk scaffolds and grown in either dynamic or static flow conditions |
Dynamic flow conditions and scaffold pore size can affect the formation of engineered AF tissue |
| Yang et al. (172) |
In vivo |
Rat NP and AF cells |
Alginate hydrogel seeded with NPCs, Polycaprolactone (PCL) seeded with AF cells |
Long term implantation in rats generated highly hydrated soft tissues and well-integrated into the adjacent vertebrae |
| Zeng et al. (173) |
In vivo and in vitro
|
hAD-MSCs |
Polyacrylate microcryogels (PM) |
Enhanced cell retention of PMs assisted cell delivery to a load bearing environment of rat IVD |
| Benz et al. (174) |
In vivo and in vitro
|
Human IVD tissue |
Hydrogel composed of chemically activated albumin crosslinked by polyethylene glycol |
The expression of cartilage- and disc-specific mRNAs was maintained in hydrogels in vitro and in vivo
|
| Hu et al. (176) |
In vitro |
Rabbit BM-MSCs |
Silk fibroin/ polyurethane (SF/PU) composite hydrogel |
The composite hydrogel exhibited suitable physical-mechanical properties as prosthetic biomaterial for NP replacement |
| Kim et al. (177) |
In vivo |
Rat NPCs |
polylactic-co-glycolic acid |
As the pores became smaller, the value of the compressive strength of the scaffold was increased |
| Choy et al. (178) |
Mechanical vitro study |
Acellular |
Biphasic scaffold fabricated with collagen and glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) |
Biphasic scaffolds comprised of 10 annulus fibrosus-like lamellae had the best overall mechanical performance among the various designs |
| Elsaadany et al. (179) |
Mechanical in vitro study |
hAD-MSCs |
Biphasic mechanically conditioned scaffold encapsulated with hAD-MSCs |
Equiaxial loading increased secretion of ECM proteins and gene expression of AF markers compared to unstrained samples |
| Park et al. (180) |
In vitro |
Porcine AF cells (cultured in silk scaffolds) |
Silk scaffold (lamellar versus porous) |
Histology, biochemical assays, mechanical testing and gene expression indicated that the lamellar scaffold generated results that were more favorable in terms of ECM expression and tissue function than the porous scaffold for AF tissue |
| Xu et al. (186) |
Animal In vivo study (Rat model) |
Rat NP and AF cells (cultured in the biphasic scaffold in vitro) |
Freeze-dried, cross-linked biphasic scaffold of pig bone matrix gelatin for the outer AF and pig acellular cartilage ECM for the NP |
IVD like tissue formed in mice as confirmed by histology after subcutaneous implantation of cell-scaffold constructs |
| Illien et al. (183) |
In vitro |
Human NPC and MSCs (cultured with the scaffold) |
Decellularized injectable bovine ECM material |
The scaffold maintained native NP tissue structure and composition closest to natural ECM and promoted cellular adaptation of NP cells and MSCs |
