Table 2. Comparisons of characteristics between Insulin-acceptance and refusal groups.
| Characteristics | G1, n (%) or mean (± SD) | G2, n (%) or mean (± SD) | x2 or t (P value) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Gender | 0.02 (0.927) | ||
| Male | 171 (51.7) | 94 (51.1) | |
| Female | 160 (48.3) | 90 (48.9) | |
| Having spouse | 0.75 (0.398) | ||
| Yes | 244 (73.7) | 142 (77.2) | |
| No | 87 (26.3) | 42 (22.8) | |
| Having religion | 0.25 (0.644) | ||
| Yes | 179 (54.2) | 104 (56.5) | |
| No | 151 (45.8) | 80 (43.5) | |
| Educational level | 7.63 (0.054) | ||
| No formal education | 23 (6.9) | 10 (5.4) | |
| Elementary school | 77 (23.3) | 37 (20.1) | |
| Middle school | 77 (23.3) | 29 (15.8) | |
| High school | 154 (46.5) | 108 (58.7) | |
| Satisfaction of economic status | 0.47 (0.516) | ||
| Yes | 139 (42.0) | 83 (45.1) | |
| No | 192 (58.0) | 101 (54.9) | |
| Experience of insulin education | 122.29 (<0.001) | ||
| Yes | 264 (79.8) | 56 (30.4) | |
| No | 67 (20.2) | 128 (69.6) | |
| Age (yrs) | 62.07 (±11.97) | 61.68 (±9.72) | −0.39 (0.691) |
| Duration of diabetes (yrs) | 17.78 (±11.93) | 12.87 (±7.88) | −5.60 (<0.001) |
| Number of co-morbidity | 1.05 (±1.24) | 0.82 (±1.06) | −2.13 (0.034) |
| HbA1c, % | 8.60 (±2.05) | 8.17 (±1.54) | −2.40 (0.017) |
G1, group 1= Insulin-acceptance group; G2, group 2= Insulin-refusal group; HbA1c, serum hemoglobin A1c; Number of co-morbidity, cardiac disease, hypertension, cerebral vascular disease, renal disease, retinopathy, neuropathy, gastrointestinal disease, foot ulcers.