Table 1. Comparison of clinical characteristics between the two groups (n=824).
| Characteristics | GDM group (N=112) | NGT group (n=712) | P value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Maternal age, years | 29.79 (27.91–33.32) | 28.84 (27.15–31.21) | 0.001 |
| Gravidity, n | 1 [1–2] | 1 [1–2] | 0.139 |
| First-degree relative history of diabetes, n (%) | 17/112 (15.2%) | 38/712 (5.3%) | 0.001 |
| History of PCOS, n (%) | 1/112 (0.9%) | 0/712 (0.0%) | 0.136 |
| Pre-pregnancy BMI, kg/m2 | 20.44 (19.44–22.56) | 20.28 (18.83–22.06) | 0.061 |
| MAP, mmHg | (86.73±8.56) | (84.96±7.85) | 0.030 |
| Gestation time at sampling for PTX3, weeks | 14.71 (14.14–15.54) | 14.86 (14.14–15.71) | 0.334 |
| HbA1c, % | 5.00 (4.80–5.20) | 4.90 (4.70–5.00) | 0.001 |
| FBG, mmol/L | 4.40 (4.10–4.70) | 4.30 (4.10–4.60) | 0.079 |
| FINS, uIU/mL | 6.63 (4.35–9.07) | 5.34 (3.77–7.44) | 0.001 |
| HOMA-IR | 0.94 (0.43–1.45) | 0.78 (0.23–1.33) | 0.004 |
| HOMA-β | 116.43 (80.12–152.75) | 106.74 (64.94–148.54) | 0.02 |
| QUICKI | 0.37 (0.34–0.41) | 0.39 (0.35–0.42) | 0.000 |
| PTX3, ng/mL | 1.52 | 1.48 | 0.011 |
| Gestation at OGTT, weeks | 26.29 (25.29–27.00) | 26.43 (25.43–27.00) | 0.63 |
| OGTT-0h-PG, mmol/L | 4.45 (4.20–4.90) | 4.30 (4.10–4.50) | 0.001 |
| OGTT-1h-PG, mmol/L | 9.90 (8.83–10.58) | 7.30 (6.40–8.28) | 0.001 |
| OGTT-2h-PG, mmol/L | 8.70 (8.13–9.30) | 6.50 (5.80–7.20) | 0.001 |
| OGTT-AUCglu, h*mmol/L | 16.38 (15.45–17.05) | 12.75 (11.55–13.85) | 0.001 |
| The gestational weight gain up to the OGTT | 8.14 (4.39–11.89) | 7.19 (0.59–13.79) | 0.20 |
Data are expressed as median (IQR), number (%), or mean ± SE. Comparisons between outcome groups: Wilcoxon rank test or t-test for continuous variables, χ2 test and Fisher’s exact test for categorical variables. 0h-PG, fasting plasma glucose before glucose challenge; 1h-PG, 1 hour postprandial plasma glucose; 2h-PG, 2-hour postprandial plasma glucose; AUCglu, area under the curve of glucose during OGTT; BMI, body mass index; FBG, fasting blood glucose; FINS, fasting insulin; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin; HOMA-IR, homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance index; HOMA-β, homeostasis model assessment beta cell function index; MAP, mean maternal pressure; OGTT, oral glucose tolerance test; PCOS, polycystic ovary syndrome; QUICKI, quantitative insulin sensitivity check index; GDM, gestational diabetes mellitus.