Table 1.
Participant characteristics.
| All subjects | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Case (n = 595) | Control (n = 532) | P | |
| Mean ± SD or n (%) | Mean ± SD or n (%) | ||
| Age | 48.13 ± 8.33 | 47.67 ± 8.50 | 0.365 |
| Education | <0.001 | ||
| Primary school or below | 112 (19.3%) | 69 (13.3%) | |
| Junior school | 200 (34.5%) | 135 (26.1%) | |
| Senior school | 183 (31.6%) | 178 (34.4%) | |
| Junior college or above | 85 (14.6%) | 136 (26.2%) | |
| n/a | 29 | ||
| Number of births | <0.001 | ||
| ≤1 | 301 (51.1%) | 350 (66.2%) | |
| 2 | 213 (36.2%) | 136 (25.7%) | |
| ≥3 | 75 (12.7%) | 43 (8.1%) | |
| n/a | 9 | ||
| Age at menarche | 0.452 | ||
| ≤13 | 141 (24.1%) | 136 (26.0%) | |
| 14 | 170 (29.1%) | 135 (25.8%) | |
| ≥15 | 273 (46.7%) | 252 (48.2%) | |
| n/a | 20 | ||
| Menopause status | 0.798 | ||
| Yes | 209 (35.3%) | 191 (36.0%) | |
| No | 383 (64.7%) | 339 (64.0%) | |
| n/a | 5 | ||
| Breastfeeding | 0.083 | ||
| Yes | 522 (91.7%) | 491 (94.4%) | |
| No | 47 (8.3%) | 29 (5.6%) | |
| n/a | 38 | ||
| Contraceptive drugs | 0.422 | ||
| Yes | 52 (9.1%) | 40 (7.7%) | |
| No | 520 (90.9%) | 477 (92.3%) | |
| n/a | 38 | ||
| Family history | 0.023 | ||
| Yes | 42 (7.4%) | 21 (4.1%) | |
| No | 526 (92.6%) | 486 (95.9%) | |
| n/a | 52 | ||
| Alcohol consumption | 0.335 | ||
| Never | 515 (87.6%) | 475 (90.1%) | |
| Occasionally | 67 (11.4%) | 46 (8.7%) | |
| Constantly | 6 (1.0%) | 6 (1.1%) | |
| n/a | 12 | ||
| Smoking | 0.420 | ||
| Never | 564 (95.9%) | 564 (95.9%) | |
| Occasionally | 7 (1.2%) | 7 (1.2%) | |
| Constantly | 17 (2.9%) | 17 (2.9%) | |
| n/a | 11 | ||
| Waist circumference | 80.81 ± 9.77 | 78.78 ± 8.07 | <0.001 |
| Fasting serum glucose | 5.30 ± 1.05 | 5.26 ± 1.20 | 0.638 |
| Triglycerides | 1.23 ± 0.83 | 1.28 ± 0.80 | 0.317 |
| High-density lipoprotein | 1.58 ± 0.58 | 1.53 ± 0.54 | 0.090 |
| High blood pressure | 0.147 | ||
| Yes | 256 (43.6%) | 204 (39.3%) | |
| No | 331 (56.4%) | 315 (60.7%) | |
| n/a | 21 | ||