An exploration of two-dimensional slices of the objective functions. (Top) EM2 for cell #5 is shown, near the optimum found by method 2 (indicated by an orange “×”). Each panel shows the result of varying two parameters, with the other seven held constant. The parameters varied in the leftmost panels determine the rate of activation, followed by deactivation in the second panel, inactivation in the third, and finally, the rate of recovery. The white lines indicate the boundaries used during optimization. (Lower) An exploration of EM4 for cell #5 is shown, near the optimum found by method 4. The darkest purple color in the figure represents areas where either summary curve derivation (top panel) or simulation (lower panel) failed. To see this figure in color, go online.