Table 4.
Mean CNS VS Normed Scores of Dutch Participants (N = 158) Compared With the American Normative Data (M = 100; SD = 15).
| M (SD)a | Mean difference | z test | P | Effect size db | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Domain | |||||
| Verbal memory | 98.66 (14.99) | −1.34 | −1.11 | .268 | −0.09 |
| Visual memory | 101.81 (12.98) | 1.81 | 1.50 | .133 | 0.12 |
| Processing speed | 104.52 (14.48) | 4.52 | 3.77 | <.001* | 0.30 |
| Psychomotor speed | 107.17 (12.87) | 7.17 | 5.97 | <.001* | 0.49 |
| Reaction time | 101.41 (11.13) | 1.41 | 1.17 | .242 | 0.09 |
| Complex attention | 101.88 (11.66) | 1.88 | 1.54 | .124 | 0.13 |
| Cognitive flexibility | 102.91 (12.94) | 2.91 | 2.39 | .017* | 0.19 |
| Test | |||||
| Verbal memory test | |||||
| Direct recognition correct hits | 99.01 (14.66) | −0.99 | −0.79 | .425 | −0.07 |
| Direct recognition correct rejections | 100.94 (12.58) | 0.94 | 0.76 | .447 | 0.06 |
| Delayed recognition correct hits | 98.16 (14.86) | −1.84 | −1.48 | .138 | 0.12 |
| Delayed recognition correct rejections | 98.98 (14.07) | −1.02 | −0.89 | .370 | 0.08 |
| Visual memory test | |||||
| Direct recognition correct hits | 99.50 (13.97) | −0.50 | −0.40 | .685 | 0.03 |
| Direct recognition correct rejections | 102.53 (13.35) | 2.53 | 2.05 | .040 | 0.17 |
| Delayed recognition correct hits | 98.46 (12.06) | −1.54 | −1.25 | .211 | −0.10 |
| Delayed recognition correct rejections | 103.86 (11.43) | 3.86 | 3.13 | .002* | 0.26 |
| Finger-tapping test | |||||
| Number of taps right | 106.79 (12.66) | 6.79 | 5.52 | <.001* | 0.46 |
| Number of taps left | 104.81 (12.99) | 4.81 | 3.92 | <.001* | 0.33 |
| Symbol digit coding test | |||||
| Number correct | 105.37 (14.27) | 5.37 | 4.39 | <.001* | 0.36 |
| Stroop test | |||||
| Reaction time Part I | 101.11 (10.01) | 1.11 | 0.91 | .364 | 0.08 |
| Reaction time Part II | 100.48 (12.78) | 0.48 | 0.39 | .698 | 0.03 |
| Reaction time Part III | 102.34 (10.48) | 2.34 | 1.90 | .057 | 0.16 |
| Shifting attention test | |||||
| Number correct | 102.97 (14.16) | 2.97 | 2.42 | .016* | 0.20 |
| Reaction time | 100.51 (15.13) | 0.51 | 0.42 | .678 | 0.03 |
| Continuous performance test | |||||
| Number correct | 101.67 (9.48) | 1.67 | 1.37 | .172 | 0.12 |
Note. CNS VS = Central Nervous System Vital Signs.
a
CNS VS normed scores based on the American normative sample have a mean of 100 and a standard deviation of 15; higher scores indicate better performance; positive mean difference indicates better performance for the Dutch sample and vice versa. bCohen’s d effect sizes: ≤.20 to .49, small; .50 to .79, medium; ≥.80, large (Cohen, 1988).
*
p < .02.