Table 4.
Change scores (post-training change from baseline) of clinical outcome measures for Robot group (R_Group) and Control group (C_Group)
| Outcome measure | R_Group | C_Group | Between-group difference | P-value | Cohen’s d |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
(N = 19) Mean (SD) |
(N = 19) Mean (SD) |
(R_Group-C_Group)a Mean (95% CI) |
Mean (95% CI) | ||
| Primary | |||||
| FM-UE (0–66)b | 7.0 (6.3) | 6.2 (9.3) | 2.4 (−2.3 to 7.1) | 0.311 | 0.35 (−0.29 to 0.99) |
| Secondary | |||||
| P_FM-UE (0–42)b | 3.6 (4.3) | 3.7 (5.7) | 1.6 (−1.8 to 5.0) | 0.339 | 0.33 (−0.31 to 0.97) |
| D_FM-UE (0–24) b | 2.7 (3.6) | 2.4 (4.5) | 1.0 (−1.5 to 3.5) | 0.441 | 0.26 (−0.38 to 0.90) |
| RPS (0–36) b | 4.1 (5.2) | 3.2 (8.1) | 2.1 (−2.2 to 6.4) | 0.328 | 0.34 (−0.31 to 0.98) |
| P_MAS (0–8) c | −0.5 (1.3) | 0.2 (1.2) | −0.9 (−1.6 to − 0.2) | 0.018 | −0.83 (− 1.49 to − 0.17) |
| D_MAS (0–12) c | −0.1 (2.1) | 0.2 (1.7) | −0.4 (− 1.5 to 0.7) | 0.499 | − 0.22 (− 0.87 to 0.41) |
| FIM (18–126) b | 9.3 (5.8) | 8.7 (11.6) | 2.3 (−3.6 to 8.2) | 0.439 | 0.27 (− 0.37 to 0.90) |
SD standard deviation, 95% CI 95% Confidence Interval, FM_UE Fugl-Meyer motor assessment for the Upper Extremities, P_FM-UE and D_FM-UE proximal and distal portion of FM-UE, RPS Reaching Performance Scale, MAS Modified Ashworth Scale, P_MAS and D_MAS MAS for proximal and distal muscles, FIM Functional Independence Measure. P-values indicate the results of the comparison between R_Group and C_Group (analysis of covariance, ANCOVA)
aAdjusted for baseline score by ANCOVA
bHigher scores indicate better performance
cLower scores indicate better performance