Table 3.
Mean daily salt intake*among risk groups by socio-demographic and lifestyle factors
| Characteristics | BMI | Fasting Blood Glucose | Blood Pressure | P-value | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Normal | Overweight/obesity | Normal | Diabetes | Normal | Pre-hypertension | Hypertension | BMI | Blood Glucose | Blood Pressure | |
| Total | 13.0 (0.330) | 12.9 (0.386) | 13.0 (0.254) | 13.3 (1.2) | 12.4 (0.538) | 12.9 (0.265) | 15.1 (1.0) | 0.879 | 0.880 | 0.006 |
| Sex | ||||||||||
| Male | 13.3 (0.537) | 12.4 (0.505) | 13.0 (0.395) | 13.3 (1.5) | 12.6 (1.1) | 12.7 (0.381) | 15.4 (1.6) | 0.276 | 0.975 | 0.048 |
| Female | 12.7 (0.403) | 13.5 (0.594) | 12.9 (0.324) | 13.3 (1.7) | 12.3 (0.600) | 12.8 (0.369) | 14.7 (1.2) | 0.291 | 0.845 | 0.129 |
| Geography | ||||||||||
| Urban | 12.6 (0.463) | 12.4 (0.556) | 12.7 (0.246) | 14.4 (1.7) | 11.5 (0.735) | 12.3 (0.359) | 15.7 (1.8) | 0.788 | 0.259 | 0.006 |
| Rural | 13.6 (0.433) | 13.6 (0.511) | 13.3 (0.515) | 11.4 (2.4) | 13.8 (0.763)a | 13.5 (0.380)a | 14.4 (0.894) | 0.959 | 0.486 | 0.569 |
| Education | ||||||||||
| No education or lower secondary | 13.5 (0.465) | 13.5 (0.464) | 13.5 (0.346) | 13.9 (1.4) | 11.9 (0.590) | 13.3 (0.351) | 16.0 (1.3) | 0.905 | 0.883 | 0.003 |
| Secondary | 12.7 (0.746) | 12.2 (1.1) | 12.6 (0.611) | 11.4 (1.6) | 13.9 (1.8) | 12.4 (0.650) | 12.4 (1.6) | 0.735 | 0.779 | 0.628 |
| Higher education | 11.6 (0.501) | 10.8 (0.826)a | 11.5 (0.412) | 9.4 (3.2)a | 12.2 (0.893) | 11.3 (0.461)a | 9.2 (1.1)b | 0.414 | 0.487 | 0.264 |
| Regular Physical Activity | ||||||||||
| Yes | 12.2 (0.400) | 12.1 (0.513) | 12.4 (0.322) | 11.6 (0.805) | 12.4 (0.790) | 12.1 (0.343) | 13.5 (0.993) | 0.860 | 0.592 | 0.288 |
| No | 13.7 (0.524)a | 13.7 (0.575)a | 13.6 (0.392)a | 15.6 (2.5) | 12.4 (0.736)a | 13.4 (0.402)a | 17.2 (2.0) | 0.971 | 0.402 | 0.005 |
| Regular Smoking | ||||||||||
| Yes | 13.9 (0.632) | 12.5 (0.676) | 13.4 (0.473) | 11.7 (1.4) | 12.5 (1.3) | 13.3 (0.528) | 13.9 (1.1) | 0.140 | 0.442 | 0.794 |
| No | 12.7 (0.382) | 13.0 (0.464) | 12.9 (0.287) | 13.8 (1.5) | 12.4 (0.585) | 12.6 (0.306) | 15.5 (1.3) | 0.638 | 0.597 | 0.005 |
| Regular Alcohol Drinking | ||||||||||
| Yes | 14.0 (0.651) | 13.0 (0.695) | 13.5 (0.488) | 12.0 (1.7) | 12.1 (1.3) | 13.5 (0.551) | 14.1 (1.1) | 0.297 | 0.446 | 0.623 |
| No | 12.7 (0.379) | 12.9 (0.457) | 12. 8(0.293) | 13.7 (1.3) | 12.4 (0.583) | 12.6 (0.302) | 15.4 (1.3) | 0.816 | 0.633 | 0.006 |
Values are mean intake with standard error
aMean salt value was significantly different between categorical groups, P < 0.05
bMean salt value was significantly different between categorical groups, P ≤ 0.001