Table 1. Case reports of intrathoracic kidneys in adults.
| Author | Journal | Year of publication | Country | Age/gender | Clinical presentation | Initial imaging | Location | Renal function | PC dilatation | Complication | Intervention | Additional comment |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Selene et al. [33] | Colorectal disease | 2018 | Italy | 67 F | Epigastric pain | CT | R | Unknown | – | Laparoscopic repair of congenital diaphragmatic hernia | ||
| Dell’Atti et al. [31] | Arch Ital Urol Androl | 2017 | Italy | 22 M | Chronic scrotal pain | Not seen on USS, seen on CT and MRA | R | Unknown | Non-dilated | R Varicocele | R varicocolectomy with microsurgical inguinal approach | |
| Sharma et al. [32] | Images in Clinical Urology | 2016 | USA | 55 F | Asymptomatic | CT | R | Normal renal function | – | Clear cell renal cell carcinoma | Open right partial nephrectomy (diaphragmatic defect not repaired) | |
| Natarajan et al. [20] | Indian Journal of Nuclear Medicine | 2016 | India | 62 M | Asymptomatic | L kidney not seen on US, so sent for DMSA (adequate cortical function and non-obstructed drainage) | L | Cr 140 | – | Diabetic and hypertensive | ||
| Chen et al. [24] | Journal of Robotic Surgery | 2015 | USA | 80 F | Chronic epigastric pain, nausea, occasional dyspnoea | CT | R | Normal renal function | Hydronephrotic | Robotic-assisted repair | Progression in size since historical scan (4 years), at which point omentum only in hernia | |
| Yong-sun Noh et al. [23] | Korean J Internal Medicine | 2015 | Korea | 56 F | Fever, epigastric pain, costochondral tenderness | CXR | L | Unknown | – | Acute pyelonephritis | No VUJ reflux | |
| Niwa et al. [34] | Japanese Society of Internal Medicine | 2014 | Japan | 28 M | Asymptomatic | CXR | L | Unknown | – | |||
| Onuk et al. [35] | Urologia Internationalis | 2014 | Turkey | 72 F | Symptoms NOS | CXR | R | Unknown | – | |||
| Jha et al. [22] | Hernia | 2014 | India | 25 F | Occasional dyspnoea/chest pain | CXR/USS | R | Unknown | – | Surgical repair of diaphragmatic defect | ||
| Clarkson et al. [9] | British Journal of Radiology | 2014 | UK | 76 F | Lower urinary tract symptoms | CT | R | Unknown | – | |||
| Gupta et al. [36] | Hong Kong Journal of Nephrology | 2013 | India | 20 F | Asymptomatic | CXR | R | Normal renal function | Non-dilated | |||
| Ekrikpo et al. [30] | Case Reports in Nephrology | 2013 | Nigeria | 38 F | Dyspnoea/Leg swelling | USS | L | Cr 900 (pre-maintenance HD) | Non-dilated | Left renal artery stenosis | Both kidneys scarred |
|
| Bianchi et al. [13] | Journal of Medical Case Reports | 2013 | Italy | 57 W | Asymptomatic | CT | R | Unknown | – | |||
| Pandey et al. [37] | BMJ Case Reports | 2012 | India | 62 M | Lower urinary tract symptoms | USS | R | Unknown | Non-dilated | |||
| Darwazah et al [38] | Journal of Cardiac Surgery | 2011 | Israel | 48 M | Asymptomatic | CT | L | Cr 80-100 | Non-dilated | |||
| Ahmed AH et al. [39] | Mymensingh Med J | 2011 | Bangladesh | 52 M | (Left) Chest pain | CXR/USS | L | Unknown | – | |||
| Fiaschetti et al. [25] | Case Reports in Medicine | 2010 | Italy | 62 M | Cough, post- prandial pain, difficulty with micturition | CXR | L | Cr 229.8 | Hydronephrotic | Perfusion delay to left kidney observed due to traction phenomena of vascular pedicle | ||
| Shi-Dong Chung et al. [40] | Kidney International | 2010 | Taiwan | 55 M | Epigtastric pain | CT | R | Unknown | – | |||
| Wei-Ning et al. [41, 42] | Clinical Nuclear Medicine | 2010 | Taiwan | 83 M | Atypical Chest pain |
Myocardial scintigraphy | R | Unknown | – | |||
| Fadaii et al. [42] | Iranian Journal of Kidney Diseases | 2008 | Iran | 72 F | Chest pain | CT | L | Cr 53 | Non-dilated | |||
| Subramanian et al. [43] | Urology | 2008 | USA | 23 F | (Right) Flank pain | MR | R | Unknown | Non-dilated | |||
| Singh et al. [27] | International Journal of Urology | 2007 | India | 40 M | Chronic flank pain | CT | L | Unknown | Compact PC system’ | Renal calculus | Percutaneous nephrolithotomy | |
| Lee et al. [44] | International Journal of Cardiology | 2006 | Taiwan | 28 M | Chest pain | Echocardiogram | R | Unknown | – | |||
| Oon et al. [45] | J Formos Med Association | 2005 | Taiwan | 50 M | Chronic chest pain | CXR | L | Unknown | – | |||
| Lenz et al. [26] | Urology | 2003 | USA | 35 F | (Right) Flank pain, vomiting | IVU | R | Cr 61 | Non-dilated | Renal calculus | Percutaneous nephrolithotomy | |
| Kanazawa et al. [28] | Surgery Today | 2002 | Japan | 63 F | Acute dyspnoea | CXR | R | Unknown | – | Acute respiratory failure | Emergency laparotomy and right thoracotomy, direct closure of hernia opening | |
| Sidhu et al. [46] | Urologia Internationalis | 2001 | India | 28 F | Intermittent cough |
IVU | R | Unknown | – | |||
| Jefferson et al. [47] | The Journal of Urology | 2001 | UK | 30 M | Chest pain/exertional dyspnoea | CXR | L | Unknown | Non-dilated | |||
| Yalcinbas et al. [48] | The Annals of Thoracic Surgery | 2001 | Turkey | 21 M | Asymptomatic | CXR | L | Unknown | Non-dilated | |||
| Toba et al. [49] | Clinical Nuclear Medicine | 2000 | Japan | 66 M | Asymptomatic | Stress myocardial imaging then MAG-3 | R | Unknown | – | |||
| Kageyama et al. [50] | Images in Clinical Urology | 2000 | Japan | 50 F | Asymptomatic | CXR | L | Unknown | Non-dilated | Likely acquired diaphragmatic hernia | ||
| Suarez et al. [51] | Acquired intrathoracic kidney | 1998 | Mexico | 63 F | Asymptomatic | CXR | R | Unknown | – | |||
| Panossian et al. [52] | Chest | 1995 | USA | 70 M | Asymptomatic | CXR | L | Unknown | – | |||
| Donat et al. [12] | The Journal of Urology | 1988 | USA | 42 M | (Left) lower quadrant pain | IVP | R | Unknown | – |