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. 2020 Jan 22;77(5):464–473. doi: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2019.4475

Table 1. Demographic and Baseline Characteristics of Children and Guardians by Country and Area (Rural and Urban).

Characteristic Kenya, No. (%) Tanzania, No. (%)
Urban (n = 192) Rural (n = 128) Urban (n = 192) Rural (n = 128)
Child
Female sex 96 (50.0) 64 (50.0) 96 (50.0) 64 (50.0)
Age, mean (SD), y 10.7 (1.6) 10.2 (1.7) 10.9 (1.6) 10.5 (1.8)
One parent died 155 (80.7) 103 (80.5) 145 (75.5) 109 (85.2)
Both parents died 23 (12.0) 15 (11.7) 28 (14.6) 10 (7.8)
Biological mother died 56 (29.2) 41 (32.0) 74 (38.5) 42 (32.8)
Biological father died 159 (82.8) 102 (79.7) 145 (75.5) 94 (73.4)
Traumatic events experienced, mean (SD) [range], No.a 5.5 (2.7) [0-13] 4.5 (2.5) [1-12] 3.0 (2.4) [0-11] 3.3 (2.5) [0-12]
School attendance
Currently in school 188 (97.9) 128 (100) 186 (96.9) 128 (100)
Missed any school in past 2 wk 111 (57.8) 72 (56.3) 30 (15.6) 19 (14.8)
Gone to bed hungry last 14 d
None of the time 63 (32.8) 15 (11.7) 171 (89.1) 118 (92.2)
Some or all of the time 129 (67.2) 113 (88.3) 21 (10.9) 7 (5.5)
Child’s health
Very good or good 115 (59.9) 69 (53.9) 177 (92.2) 120 (93.8)
Fair or poor 76 (39.6) 59 (46.1) 15 (7.8) 8 (6.3)
Guardian
Age, mean (SD) [range], y 44.5 (12.7) [19-83] 42.3 (10.1) [23-72] 43.2 (12.7) [19-93] 49.7 (14.8) [20-90]
Marital status
Married 62 (32.3) 55 (43.0) 51 (26.6) 34 (26.6)
Widowed 122 (63.5) 73 (57.0) 112 (58.3) 79 (61.7)
Female sex 172 (89.6) 111 (86.7) 176 (91.7) 115 (89.8)
Relationship to child
Biological parent 104 (54.2) 63 (49.2) 88 (45.8) 48 (37.5)
Grandparent 44 (22.9) 21 (16.4) 49 (25.5) 43 (33.6)
Aunt or uncle 28 (14.6) 33 (25.8) 26 (13.5) 13 (10.2)
Otherb 16 (8.3) 11 (8.6) 27 (14.1) 24 (18.8)
Health
Very good or good 90 (46.9) 69 (53.9) 166 (86.5) 109 (85.2)
Fair or poor 100 (52.1) 56 (43.7) 26 (13.5) 16 (12.5)
Children in the household, mean (SD), No. 4.23 (2.14) 4.39 (2.26) 2.83 (1.39) 2.81 (1.60)
a

Traumatic event exposure by child report.

b

Other guardian relationship to child includes sibling, stepparent, adoptive parent, other relative, and nonrelative.