Table 3. Subgroup Analysis by Recent Opioid Use Statusa.
| Variable | AOR (95% CI) | |
|---|---|---|
| Recent Opioid Use (n = 7 205 665 Person-Days) | No Recent Opioid Use (n = 14 399 779 Person-Days) | |
| Daily opioid dosage category | 1.12 (0.98-1.27) | 1.26 (1.06-1.50) |
| Concurrent benzodiazepine use | 1.59 (1.00-2.52) | 2.86 (1.52-5.40) |
| Extended-release or long-acting opioid use | 1.55 (0.80-3.01) | 4.31 (1.92-9.67) |
| Age, in single y | 1.01 (0.94-1.09) | 1.02 (0.95-1.10) |
| Female | 0.94 (0.66-1.34) | 1.08 (0.76-1.54) |
| Urban residence | 1.28 (0.76-2.16) | 1.68 (0.92-3.06) |
| US census region (vs Northeast) | ||
| Midwest | 0.66 (0.39-1.11) | 2.20 (1.12-4.32) |
| South | 0.47 (0.28-0.78) | 1.78 (0.93-3.42) |
| West | 0.67 (0.38-1.16) | 1.77 (0.86-3.64) |
| Mental health disorder | 3.34 (2.31-4.82) | 2.85 (1.93-4.21) |
| Substance use disorder | 2.18 (1.40-3.37) | 6.79 (4.40-10.47) |
| Other chronic condition | 1.06 (0.74-1.52) | 1.40 (0.94-2.08) |
| Study year (vs 2009) | ||
| 2010 | 0.90 (0.39-2.08) | 0.88 (0.41-1.88) |
| 2011 | 1.70 (0.79-3.69) | 0.74 (0.34-1.62) |
| 2012 | 0.96 (0.43-2.18) | 1.08 (0.53-2.20) |
| 2013 | 1.08 (0.46-2.50) | 0.44 (0.18-1.10) |
| 2014 | 1.57 (0.69-3.57) | 0.78 (0.35-1.72) |
| 2015 | 1.44 (0.60-3.45) | 0.74 (0.32-1.71) |
| 2016 | 1.22 (0.48-3.13) | 0.82 (0.36-1.90) |
| 2017 | 0.29 (0.04-2.30) | 1.15 (0.46-2.87) |
Abbreviation: AOR, adjusted odds ratio.
a
Recent opioid use was defined based on the presence of an opioid prescription claim in the 180 days to 1 day before the date of the opioid prescription claim from which person-days derived.