Table 2. Dietary Patterns of Study Participants^a.

	Baseline Values, Mean (SD)		12-Month Change						24-Month Change
	MEAL Intervention Group	Control Group	MEAL Intervention Group		Control Group		Between-Group Difference		MEAL Intervention Group		Control Group		Between-Group Difference
			Change (95% CI)	P Valueb,c	Change (95% CI)	P Valueb,c	Change (95% CI)	P Valueb,d	Change (95% CI)	P Valueb,c	Change (95% CI)	P Valueb,c	Change (95% CI)	P Valueb,d
Energy, kcal/d	2145.93 (609.87)	2099.53 (512.02)	−230.87 (−296.01 to −165.72)	<.001	−174.44 (−239.04 to −109.84)	<.001	−56.42 (−148.16 to 35.31)	.23	−250.01 (−315.43 to −184.59	<.001	−130.3 (−195.08 to −65.52)	<.001	−119.71 (−211.78 to −27.65)	.01
Dark green vegetables, servings/d	0.51 (0.63)	0.42 (0.49)	0.64 (0.52 to 0.76)	<.001	0.2 (0.08 to 0.32	<.001	0.44 (0.27 to 0.6)	<.001	0.54 (0.42 to 0.66	<.001	0.14 (0.03 to 0.26)	.02	0.4 (0.23 to 0.57)	<.001
Deep yellow vegetables, servings/d	0.18 (0.24)	0.21 (0.31)	0.30 (0.24 to 0.37)	<.001	0.06 (0 to 0.13)	.05	0.24 (0.15 to 0.33)	<.001	0.19 (0.12 to 0.25	<.001	0.05 (−0.02 to 0.11)	.13	0.14 (0.05 to 0.23)	.004
Tomatoes, servings/d	0.54 (0.54)	0.56 (0.55)	0.18 (0.1 to 0.26)	<.001	−0.04 (−0.13 to 0.04)	.3	0.23 (0.11 to 0.34)	<.001	0.06 (−0.02 to 0.14)	.17	−0.09 (−0.17 to 0)	.04	0.14 (0.03 to 0.26)	.02
Legumes, servings/d	0.24 (0.38)	0.22 (0.37)	0.15 (0.08 to 0.22)	<.001	0.03 (−0.03 to 0.1)	.33	0.12 (0.02 to 0.21)	.02	0.18 (0.12 to 0.25)	<.001	0.03 (−0.03 to 0.1)	.32	0.15 (0.05 to 0.24)	.002
Other vegetables, servings/d	1.23 (0.9)	1.23 (0.85)	0.64 (0.5 to 0.79)	<.001	0.10 (−0.04 to 0.24	.16	0.54 (0.34 to 0.74)	<.001	0.46 (0.31 to 0.6)	<.001	0.04 (−0.1 to 0.18)	.56	0.42 (0.22 to 0.62)	<.001
Cruciferous, g/d	22.5 (32.21)	28.05 (37.78)	43.10 (35.21 to 50.99)	<.001	6.44 (−1.39 to 14.26	.11	36.66 (25.55 to 47.78)	<.001	29.86 (21.94 to 37.78)	<.001	−0.40 (−8.24 to 7.45)	.92	30.26 (19.11 to 41.41)	<.001
Cruciferous, servings/d	0.32 (0.45)	0.39 (0.53)	0.71 (0.6 to 0.83)	<.001	0.12 (0.01 to 0.23)	.04	0.60 (0.44 to 0.75)	<.001	0.50 (0.38 to 0.61)	<.001	0.01 (−0.10 to 0.12)	.84	0.49 (0.33 to 0.64)	<.001
Total vegetables, servings/d	3.38 (1.58)	3.39 (1.41)	2.43 (2.17 to 2.69)	<.001	0.45 (0.19 to 0.70)	<.001	1.99 (1.62 to 2.35)	<.001	2.01 (1.75 to 2.28)	<.001	0.37 (0.11 to 0.62)	.006	1.65 (1.28 to 2.02)	<.001
Red meat, g/d	52.17 (52.5)	52.64 (50.05)	−11.54 (−19.03 to −4.06)	.003	−9.83 (−17.26 to −2.41)	<.001	−1.71 (−12.25 to 8.83)	.75	−7.34 (−14.85 to 0.17)	.06	−3.04 (−10.48 to 4.4)	.42	−4.30 (−14.88 to 6.27)	.42
Fat, g/d	35.47 (6.74)	34.93 (6.62)	−2.09 (−3.01 to −1.17)	<.001	−0.17 (−1.08 to 0.74)	.71	−1.92 (−3.21 to −0.63)	.004	−1.77 (−2.69 to −0.85)	<.001	0.21 (−0.7 to 1.13)	.65	−1.98 (−3.28 to −0.68)	.003
Saturated fat, g/d	11.49 (3.01)	11.38 (3.01)	−1.69 (−2.07 to −1.3)	<.001	−0.44 (−0.82 to −0.06)	.02	−1.25 (−1.79 to −0.7)	<.001	−0.94 (−1.33 to −0.55)	<.001	−0.12 (−0.50 to 0.27)	.56	−0.82 (−1.37 to −0.28)	.003
Lycopene, μg/d	5455.24 (6443.04)	5704.5 (6193.53)	7125.95 (5682.17 to 8569.73)	<.001	135.55 (−1296.16 to 1567.27)	.85	6990.4 (4957.1 to 9023.7)	<.001	5179.06 (3729.67 to 6628.45)	<.001	−466.25 (−1901.60 to 969.11)	.52	5645.31 (3605.46 to 7685.15)	<.001
Total carotenoids (diet), μg/d	12 103.3 (8390.14)	12 284.62 (8687.44)	13 839.31 (11 960.15 to 15718.48)	<.001	2030.79 (167.32 to 3894.25)	.03	11 808.53 (9162.07 to 14 454.99)	<.001	9687.87 (7801.18 to 11 574.57)	<.001	324.73 (−1543.61 to 2193.07)	.73	9363.14 (6707.9 to 12 018.38)	<.001

^aResults are based on a linear mixed-effects model that included diet group, time as a categorical variable (0 for baseline, 1 for 12 months, and 2 for 24 months), and the group-by-time interaction.

^bP values based on a mixed-model analysis.

^cFor within-group changes, values at each follow-up compared with baseline.

^dChanges in intervention compared with changes in control.