Table 2. Dietary Patterns of Study Participantsa.
Baseline Values, Mean (SD) | 12-Month Change | 24-Month Change | ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
MEAL Intervention Group | Control Group | MEAL Intervention Group | Control Group | Between-Group Difference | MEAL Intervention Group | Control Group | Between-Group Difference | |||||||
Change (95% CI) | P Valueb,c | Change (95% CI) | P Valueb,c | Change (95% CI) | P Valueb,d | Change (95% CI) | P Valueb,c | Change (95% CI) | P Valueb,c | Change (95% CI) | P Valueb,d | |||
Energy, kcal/d | 2145.93 (609.87) | 2099.53 (512.02) | −230.87 (−296.01 to −165.72) | <.001 | −174.44 (−239.04 to −109.84) | <.001 | −56.42 (−148.16 to 35.31) | .23 | −250.01 (−315.43 to −184.59 | <.001 | −130.3 (−195.08 to −65.52) | <.001 | −119.71 (−211.78 to −27.65) | .01 |
Dark green vegetables, servings/d | 0.51 (0.63) | 0.42 (0.49) | 0.64 (0.52 to 0.76) | <.001 | 0.2 (0.08 to 0.32 | <.001 | 0.44 (0.27 to 0.6) | <.001 | 0.54 (0.42 to 0.66 | <.001 | 0.14 (0.03 to 0.26) | .02 | 0.4 (0.23 to 0.57) | <.001 |
Deep yellow vegetables, servings/d | 0.18 (0.24) | 0.21 (0.31) | 0.30 (0.24 to 0.37) | <.001 | 0.06 (0 to 0.13) | .05 | 0.24 (0.15 to 0.33) | <.001 | 0.19 (0.12 to 0.25 | <.001 | 0.05 (−0.02 to 0.11) | .13 | 0.14 (0.05 to 0.23) | .004 |
Tomatoes, servings/d | 0.54 (0.54) | 0.56 (0.55) | 0.18 (0.1 to 0.26) | <.001 | −0.04 (−0.13 to 0.04) | .3 | 0.23 (0.11 to 0.34) | <.001 | 0.06 (−0.02 to 0.14) | .17 | −0.09 (−0.17 to 0) | .04 | 0.14 (0.03 to 0.26) | .02 |
Legumes, servings/d | 0.24 (0.38) | 0.22 (0.37) | 0.15 (0.08 to 0.22) | <.001 | 0.03 (−0.03 to 0.1) | .33 | 0.12 (0.02 to 0.21) | .02 | 0.18 (0.12 to 0.25) | <.001 | 0.03 (−0.03 to 0.1) | .32 | 0.15 (0.05 to 0.24) | .002 |
Other vegetables, servings/d | 1.23 (0.9) | 1.23 (0.85) | 0.64 (0.5 to 0.79) | <.001 | 0.10 (−0.04 to 0.24 | .16 | 0.54 (0.34 to 0.74) | <.001 | 0.46 (0.31 to 0.6) | <.001 | 0.04 (−0.1 to 0.18) | .56 | 0.42 (0.22 to 0.62) | <.001 |
Cruciferous, g/d | 22.5 (32.21) | 28.05 (37.78) | 43.10 (35.21 to 50.99) | <.001 | 6.44 (−1.39 to 14.26 | .11 | 36.66 (25.55 to 47.78) | <.001 | 29.86 (21.94 to 37.78) | <.001 | −0.40 (−8.24 to 7.45) | .92 | 30.26 (19.11 to 41.41) | <.001 |
Cruciferous, servings/d | 0.32 (0.45) | 0.39 (0.53) | 0.71 (0.6 to 0.83) | <.001 | 0.12 (0.01 to 0.23) | .04 | 0.60 (0.44 to 0.75) | <.001 | 0.50 (0.38 to 0.61) | <.001 | 0.01 (−0.10 to 0.12) | .84 | 0.49 (0.33 to 0.64) | <.001 |
Total vegetables, servings/d | 3.38 (1.58) | 3.39 (1.41) | 2.43 (2.17 to 2.69) | <.001 | 0.45 (0.19 to 0.70) | <.001 | 1.99 (1.62 to 2.35) | <.001 | 2.01 (1.75 to 2.28) | <.001 | 0.37 (0.11 to 0.62) | .006 | 1.65 (1.28 to 2.02) | <.001 |
Red meat, g/d | 52.17 (52.5) | 52.64 (50.05) | −11.54 (−19.03 to −4.06) | .003 | −9.83 (−17.26 to −2.41) | <.001 | −1.71 (−12.25 to 8.83) | .75 | −7.34 (−14.85 to 0.17) | .06 | −3.04 (−10.48 to 4.4) | .42 | −4.30 (−14.88 to 6.27) | .42 |
Fat, g/d | 35.47 (6.74) | 34.93 (6.62) | −2.09 (−3.01 to −1.17) | <.001 | −0.17 (−1.08 to 0.74) | .71 | −1.92 (−3.21 to −0.63) | .004 | −1.77 (−2.69 to −0.85) | <.001 | 0.21 (−0.7 to 1.13) | .65 | −1.98 (−3.28 to −0.68) | .003 |
Saturated fat, g/d | 11.49 (3.01) | 11.38 (3.01) | −1.69 (−2.07 to −1.3) | <.001 | −0.44 (−0.82 to −0.06) | .02 | −1.25 (−1.79 to −0.7) | <.001 | −0.94 (−1.33 to −0.55) | <.001 | −0.12 (−0.50 to 0.27) | .56 | −0.82 (−1.37 to −0.28) | .003 |
Lycopene, μg/d | 5455.24 (6443.04) | 5704.5 (6193.53) | 7125.95 (5682.17 to 8569.73) | <.001 | 135.55 (−1296.16 to 1567.27) | .85 | 6990.4 (4957.1 to 9023.7) | <.001 | 5179.06 (3729.67 to 6628.45) | <.001 | −466.25 (−1901.60 to 969.11) | .52 | 5645.31 (3605.46 to 7685.15) | <.001 |
Total carotenoids (diet), μg/d | 12 103.3 (8390.14) | 12 284.62 (8687.44) | 13 839.31 (11 960.15 to 15718.48) | <.001 | 2030.79 (167.32 to 3894.25) | .03 | 11 808.53 (9162.07 to 14 454.99) | <.001 | 9687.87 (7801.18 to 11 574.57) | <.001 | 324.73 (−1543.61 to 2193.07) | .73 | 9363.14 (6707.9 to 12 018.38) | <.001 |
Results are based on a linear mixed-effects model that included diet group, time as a categorical variable (0 for baseline, 1 for 12 months, and 2 for 24 months), and the group-by-time interaction.
P values based on a mixed-model analysis.
For within-group changes, values at each follow-up compared with baseline.
Changes in intervention compared with changes in control.