Table 1. Baseline Characteristics of Overall Sample of 4 039 216 Youths Aged 13 to 22 Years Stratified by Opioid Overdose, January 1, 2009, to September 30, 2015.
| Characteristic | No. (%) of Youths by Column | P Value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Without Opioid Overdose (n = 4 035 425) | With Opioid Overdose (n = 3791) | ||
| Age at overdose, y | |||
| 13-15 | NA | 596 (15.7) | NA |
| 16-17 | NA | 880 (23.2) | |
| 18-20 | NA | 1542 (40.7) | |
| 21-22 | NA | 773 (20.4) | |
| Sex | |||
| Male | 1 937 963 (48.0) | 1557 (41.1) | <.001 |
| Female | 2 097 462 (52.0) | 2234 (58.9) | |
| Pregnanta,b | 425 949 (10.6) | 470 (12.4) | <.001 |
| Race/ethnicity | |||
| White non-Hispanic | 1 898 286 (47.0) | 2491 (65.7) | <.001 |
| Black non-Hispanic | 1 352 276 (33.5) | 680 (17.9) | |
| Hispanic | 255 525 (6.3) | 144 (3.8) | |
| Other | 529 338 (13.1) | 476 (12.6) | |
| Pain conditiona | |||
| Acute | 1 622 752 (40.2) | 2242 (59.1) | <.001 |
| Chronic | 1 479 933 (36.7) | 2070 (54.6) | <.001 |
| Depressiona | 515 318 (12.8) | 2329 (61.4) | <.001 |
| Self-harm/suicidal ideationa | 87 310 (2.2) | 1313 (34.6) | <.001 |
| Anxiety disordera | 418 322 (10.4) | 1812 (47.8) | <.001 |
| Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disordera | 510 871 (12.7) | 771 (20.3) | <.001 |
| Use disordera | |||
| Opioid | 14 481 (0.4) | 725 (19.1) | <.001 |
| Alcohol | 50 917 (1.3) | 713 (18.8) | <.001 |
| Other substance | 138 717 (3.4) | 1744 (46.0) | <.001 |
| Prior pharmacotherapyc | NA | 85 (2.2) | NA |
| Prior behavioral health servicesc | NA | 792 (20.9) | NA |
| Prior opioid prescriptionc | NA | 849 (22.4) | NA |
| Year of overdose | |||
| 2009 | NA | 305 (8.0) | NA |
| 2010 | NA | 355 (9.4) | |
| 2011 | NA | 325 (8.6) | |
| 2012 | NA | 493 (13.0) | |
| 2013 | NA | 475 (12.5) | |
| 2014 | NA | 1010 (26.6) | |
| 2015 | NA | 828 (21.8) | |
Abbreviation: NA, not applicable.
a
During the 3 months prior and up to 1 month after receiving an opioid overdose diagnosis.
b
Percentage of all individuals in the sample.
c
During the 3 months prior to receiving an opioid overdose diagnosis.