Table 4. Sociodemographic and Clinical Characteristics of 3606 Youths With Opioid Overdose by Receipt of Timely Addiction Treatment Within 30 Days of Overdose, January 1, 2009, to September 30, 2015.
| Characteristic | No. (%) of Youths by Row | Adjusted Odds Ratio (95% CI)a | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No Treatmentb | Behavioral Health Service Onlyb | Pharmacotherapyb,c | Any Treatmentd | Behavioral Health Service Only | Pharmacotherapy | |
| Overall | 2483 (68.9) | 1056 (29.3) | 67 (1.9) | |||
| Age at overdose, y | ||||||
| 13-15 | 360 (61.9) | 219 (37.6) | 3 (0.5) | 1.82 (1.33-2.51) | 1.81 (1.31-2.49) | 1.31 (0.32-5.41) |
| 16-17 | 531 (62.5) | 311 (36.6) | 7 (0.8) | 1.74 (1.31-2.32) | 1.72 (1.29-2.30) | 1.12 (0.41-3.12) |
| 18-20 | 1090 (74.6) | 345 (23.6) | 27 (1.8) | 0.94 (0.74-1.2) | 0.93 (0.73-1.19) | 0.90 (0.48-1.67) |
| 21-22 | 502 (70.4) | 181 (25.4) | 30 (4.2) | [1 Reference] | [1 Reference] | [1 Reference] |
| Sex | ||||||
| Male | 1055 (71.1) | 402 (27.1) | 27 (1.8) | [1 Reference] | [1 Reference] | [1 Reference] |
| Female | 1428 (67.3) | 654 (30.8) | 40 (1.9) | 1.00 (0.83-1.21) | 1.01 (0.84-1.22) | 1.06 (0.57-1.96) |
| Pregnante,f | 312 (72.6) | 107 (24.9) | 11 (2.6) | 0.92 (0.70-1.23) | 0.93 (0.70-1.24) | 1.06 (0.46-2.46) |
| Race/ethnicity | ||||||
| White non-Hispanic | 1591 (67.1) | 726 (30.6) | 54 (2.3) | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] |
| Black non-Hispanic | 459 (70.5) | 191 (29.3) | 1 (0.2) | 1.02 (0.81-1.27) | 1.04 (0.83-1.30) | 0.15 (0.02-1.20) |
| Hispanic | 96 (71.6) | 38 (28.4) | 0 | 1.05 (0.67-1.65) | 1.08 (0.69-1.70) | NA |
| Other | 337 (74.9) | 101 (22.4) | 12 (2.7) | 0.80 (0.61-1.04) | 0.77 (0.59-1.00) | 1.32 (0.65-2.69) |
| Pain conditione | ||||||
| Acute | 1412 (66.0) | 686 (32.1) | 40 (1.9) | 0.98 (0.81-1.19) | 0.99 (0.81-1.20) | 1.31 (0.69-2.50) |
| Chronic | 1308 (66.0) | 634 (32.0) | 40 (2.0) | 0.97 (0.80-1.18) | 0.96 (0.79-1.17) | 0.98 (0.51-1.88) |
| Depressione | 1314 (59.1) | 862 (38.8) | 47 (2.1) | 2.33 (1.87-2.89) | 2.30 (1.85-2.86) | 1.92 (0.96-3.84) |
| Self-harm/suicidal ideatione | 721 (56.9) | 526 (41.5) | 21 (1.7) | 1.27 (1.05-1.52) | 1.21 (1.01-1.47) | 1.35 (0.70-2.60) |
| Anxiety disordere | 1016 (58.9) | 671 (38.9) | 38 (2.2) | 1.18 (0.98-1.43) | 1.22 (1.01-1.47) | 0.83 (0.44-1.59) |
| Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disordere | 430 (57.8) | 301 (40.5) | 13 (1.7) | 1.10 (0.90-1.36) | 1.08 (0.88-1.33) | 0.74 (0.35-1.55) |
| Use disordere | ||||||
| Opioid | 390 (57.3) | 237 (34.8) | 54 (7.9) | 1.97 (1.53-2.54) | 1.74 (1.34-2.25) | 9.03 (3.95-20.7) |
| Alcohol | 420 (61.9) | 234 (34.5) | 24 (3.5) | 0.98 (0.79-1.22) | 0.97 (0.78-1.21) | 1.49 (0.82-2.70) |
| Other substance | 1046 (63.5) | 552 (33.5) | 49 (3.0) | 1.27 (1.06-1.54) | 1.27 (1.05-1.54) | 0.94 (0.48-1.85) |
| Prior pharmacotherapyg | 31 (40.3) | 20 (26.0) | 26 (33.8) | 2.56 (1.47-4.47) | 0.76 (0.43-1.35) | 14.2 (7.29-27.8) |
| Prior behavioral health servicesg | 264 (34.2) | 481 (62.4) | 26 (3.4) | 4.73 (3.89-5.75) | 5.20 (4.27-6.34) | 0.87 (0.47-1.61) |
| Prior opioid prescriptiong | 574 (71.4) | 218 (27.1) | 12 (1.5) | 0.85 (0.68-1.05) | 0.85 (0.69-1.06) | 1.27 (0.61-2.65) |
| Type of opioid overdose | ||||||
| Heroin | 677 (71.9) | 220 (23.4) | 45 (4.8) | 0.66 (0.51-0.85) | 0.64 (0.49-0.83) | 1.3 (0.63-2.68) |
| Other opioid | 1806 (67.8) | 836 (31.4) | 22 (0.8) | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] |
| Overdose encounter location | ||||||
| Emergency department | 1668 (74.7) | 516 (23.1) | 49 (2.2) | 0.64 (0.54-0.76) | 0.62 (0.52-0.74) | 1.22 (0.64-2.31) |
| Inpatient | 815 (59.4) | 540 (39.3) | 18 (1.3) | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] |
a
Odds of receipt of each type of treatment of youths with certain characteristics compared with the reference group, or with condition vs youths without condition, adjusted for all other covariates listed in the table in addition to year as an indicator variable.
b
P < .001 determined by χ2 test for all except sex (P = .049), pregnancy (P = .06), prior pharmacotherapy (P = .01), and prior opioid prescription (P = .02).
c
Included buprenorphine, methadone, or naltrexone.
d
Included medication, behavioral health services, or both.
e
During 3 months prior and up to 1 month after receiving opioid overdose diagnosis.
f
Percentage of all individuals in the sample.
g
During 3 months prior to receiving opioid overdose diagnosis.