Table 2. Associations Between Maternal Mental Health Scores and Fetal Brain Volumes in CHD (48 Participants, 74 Scans) and Controls (92 Participants, 149 Scans)a.
| Volume, cm3 | STAI | PSS | EPDS | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| β (95% CI) | P Valued | β (95% CI) | P Valued | β (95% CI) | P Valued | ||||
| CHDb | Controlc | CHDb | Controlc | CHDb | Controlc | ||||
| TBVe | –0.25 (–0.79 to 0.30) | –0.16 (–0.59 to 0.27) | .80 | –0.29 (–0.87 to 0.29) | 0.04 (–0.53 to 0.62) | .43 | –0.32 (–1.20 to 0.56) | 0.15 (–1.13 to 1.43) | .56 |
| CBRe | –0.20 (–0.73 to 0.33) | –0.16 (–0.58 to 0.26) | .91 | –0.22 (–0.77 to 0.32) | 0.02 (–0.53 to 0.56) | .55 | –0.28 (–1.09 to 0.54) | 0.17 (–1.05 to 1.39) | .57 |
| BSe | 0.003 (–0.006 to 0.01) | 0.002 (–0.006 to 0.009) | .85 | 0.004 (–0.007 to 0.02) | 0.005 (–0.007 to 0.02) | .97 | 0.002 (–0.01 to 0.01) | 0.007 (–0.01 to 0.03) | .65 |
| BSe,f | 0.002 (–0.005 to 0.009) | 0.003 (–0.003 to 0.008) | .94 | 0.007 (–0.001 to 0.02) | 0.005 (–0.005 to 0.01) | .67 | 0.004 (–0.006 to 0.01) | 0.006 (–0.01 to 0.02) | .85 |
| CBL | –0.05 (–0.08 to –0.02) | 0.002 (–0.02 to 0.02) | .02 | –0.06 (–0.09 to –0.02)g | 0.01 (–0.03 to 0.05) | .02 | –0.02 (–0.1 to 0.05) | –0.03 (–0.1 to 0.04) | .90 |
| CBLf | –0.04 (–0.07 to 0.001) | 0.006 (–0.02 to 0.03) | .09 | –0.04 (–0.07 to –0.01) | 0.01 (–0.03 to 0.05) | .05 | –0.01 (–0.07 to 0.05) | –0.04 (–0.11 to 0.02) | .44 |
| LH | –0.003 (–0.005 to –0.001) | –0.002 (–0.003 to –0.001) | .42 | –0.003 (–0.005 to –0.001) | –0.002 (–0.004 to –0.001) | .61 | –0.002 (–0.006 to 0.002) | –0.001 (–0.005 to 0.002) | .77 |
| LHf | –0.003 (–0.004 to –0.001) | –0.002 (–0.003 to –0.001) | .46 | –0.003 (–0.005 to –0.001)g | –0.002 (–0.004 to –0.001) | .60 | –0.002 (–0.005 to 0.001) | –0.002 (–0.005 to 0.001) | .93 |
| RH | –0.003 (–0.005 to –0.001)g | –0.002 (–0.003 to –0.0002) | .24 | –0.004 (–0.007 to –0.002)g | –0.002 (–0.007 to –0.002) | .12 | –0.002 (–0.006 to 0.002) | –0.0002 (–0.004 to 0.003) | .47 |
| RHf | –0.003 (–0.004 to –0.001)g | –0.001 (–0.003 to 0.0002) | .31 | –0.004 (–0.006 to –0.002)g | –0.002 (–0.004 to 0.0) | .14 | –0.002 (–0.005 to 0.001) | –0.001 (–0.004 to 0.003) | .62 |
Abbreviations: BS, brainstem; CBL, cerebellum; CBR, cerebrum; CHD, congenital heart disease; EPDS, Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale; LH, left hippocampus; PSS, Perceived Stress Scale; RH, right hippocampus; STAI, Spielberger Trait Anxiety Inventory; TBV, total brain volume.
Results based on generalized estimating equations controlling for gestational age and sex. Nonstandardized β coefficients are presented to allow outcome based interpretation of effects.
For CHD, β denotes the association for a 1-unit increase in maternal psychological distress scale and fetal brain volume in the CHD group with 95% CIs around the estimate.
For controls, β denotes the association for a 1-unit increase in maternal psychological distress scale and fetal brain volume in the control group with 95% CIs around the estimate.
Represents the differential association (interaction term: distress scale × group) between maternal psychological distress scale and fetal brain volumes between groups (CHD vs controls).
Additional adjustment for gestational age × sex.
Additional adjustment for TBV.
Significant association after adjusting for multiple testing.