Table 3. Final Model for All-Cause Mortality Based on Backward Stepwise Cox Proportional Hazard Regression.
| Variable | HR (95% CI) | χ2 | Coefficient (SE) | P Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline characteristics | ||||
| Region (Latin America) | 1.69 (1.43-2.00) | 37.7 | 0.524 (0.085) | <.001 |
| Age (per 10 y >60 y) | 1.20 (1.11-1.30) | 22.9 | 0.184 (0.038) | <.001 |
| Region (central Europe) | 1.42 (1.23-1.65) | 21.9 | 0.353 (0.075) | <.001 |
| NYHA III/IV | 1.30 (1.15-1.47) | 17.8 | 0.262 (0.062) | <.001 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 1.26 (1.12-1.41) | 15.9 | 0.230 (0.058) | <.001 |
| HF duration >5 y | 1.35 (1.16-1.56) | 15.8 | 0.300 (0.075) | <.001 |
| Male | 1.34 (1.16-1.55) | 15.3 | 0.290 (0.074) | <.001 |
| Peripheral arterial disease | 1.36 (1.16-1.60) | 14.2 | 0.311 (0.082) | <.001 |
| Race/ethnicity (Asian) | 1.42 (1.18-1.71) | 13.4 | 0.348 (0.095) | <.001 |
| Ejection fraction (per 5% decrease <40%) | 1.08 (1.03-1.12) | 11.8 | 0.075 (0.022) | <.001 |
| No previous PCI | 1.29 (1.12-1.50) | 11.7 | 0.257 (0.075) | .001 |
| HF duration 1-5 y | 1.25 (1.09-1.44) | 10.1 | 0.224 (0.070) | .001 |
| Not prescribed sacubitril/valsartan | 1.18 (1.07-1.31) | 9.9 | 0.168 (0.063) | .002 |
| Not prescribed β-blocker | 1.27 (1.06-1.53) | 6.8 | 0.243 (0.092) | .009 |
| Prior MI | 1.15 (1.03-1.29) | 5.9 | 0.143 (0.059) | .02 |
| Systolic BP (per 10 mm Hg decrease <120 mm Hg) | 1.09 (1.01-1.17) | 5.0 | 0.083 (0.037) | .03 |
| BMI (for every kg/m2 decrease less than 30 kg/m2) | 1.02 (1.00-1.04) | 4.4 | 0.019 (0.001) | .04 |
| Laboratory values | ||||
| Albumin (for every 0.1 g/dL decrease less than 4.2 g/dL) | 1.06 (1.03-1.08) | 20.5 | 0.057 (0.012) | <.001 |
| Uric acid (for every 0.84 mg/dL increase greater than 6.72 mg/dL) | 1.07 (1.04-1.11) | 18.1 | 0.071 (0.017) | <.001 |
| Total bilirubin (for every 0.29 mg/dL increase greater than 0.58 mg/dL) | 1.08 (1.04-1.13) | 16.9 | 0.080 (0.020) | <.001 |
| % Monocytes for every % greater than 7% | 1.04 (1.02-1.07) | 16.4 | 0.042 (0.010) | <.001 |
| Absolute neutrophils (for every 1000/mL increase below 6000/mL) | 1.10 (1.05-1.15) | 16.3 | 0.095 (0.024) | <.001 |
| Hemoglobin (for every 1 g/dL decrease less than 14 g/dL) | 1.11 (1.05-1.17) | 15.3 | 0.106 (0.027) | <.001 |
| Chloride (for every 1 mEq/L decrease 100 mEq/L) | 1.06 (1.03-1.09) | 13.0 | 0.054 (0.015) | <.001 |
| LDL (for every 38.61 mg/dL increase greater than 115.83 mg/dL) | 1.19 (1.07-1.33) | 9.9 | 0.176 (0.056) | .002 |
| Potassium (for every 0.1 mEq/L decrease less than 4 mEq/L) | 1.05 (1.02-1.10) | 7.8 | 0.056 (0.020) | .005 |
| AST (For every 598.8 U/L increase greater than 1796.4 U/L) | 1.07 (1.01-1.13) | 5.6 | 0.069 (0.029) | .02 |
| Urea (for every 2.8 mg/dL increase greater than 14.01 mg/dL) | 1.02 (1.00-1.04) | 5.4 | 0.024 (0.010) | .02 |
| Triglycerides (for every 88.5 mg/dL decrease less than 221.24 mg/dL) | 1.12 (1.01-1.24) | 4.8 | 0.112 (0.051) | .03 |
| Natriuretic peptides | ||||
| NTproBNP categorya | 1.33 (1.24-1.38) | 93.3 | 0.270 (0.028) | <.001 |
Abbreviations: AST, aspartate aminotransferase; BMI, body mass index (calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared); BP, blood pressure; HF, heart failure; HR, hazard ratio; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; MI, myocardial infarction; NTproBNP, N-terminal pro brain natriuretic peptide; NYHA, New York Heart Association; PCI, percutaneous coronary intervention.
SI conversion factor: To convert albumin to grams per liter, multiply by 10; AST to microkatals per liter, multiply by 0.0167; bilirubin to micromoles per liter, multiply by 17.104; chloride to millimoles per liter, multiply by 1; hemoglobin to grams per liter, multiply by 10; LDL cholesterol to millimoles per liter, multiply by 0.0259; lymphocytes to ×109 per liter, multiply by 0.001; neutrophils to ×109 per liter, multiply by 0.001; potassium to millimoles per liter, multiply by 1; urea to millimoles per liter, multiply by 0.375; uric acid to micromoles per liter, multiply by 59.485.
NTproBNP categories: 1, <400 pg/mL; 2, 400 pg/mL-799 pg/mL; 3, 800 pg/mL-1599 pg/mL; 4, 1600 pg/mL-3199 pg/mL; 5, ≥3200 pg/mL.