Table 2. Association of Urinary 3-Phenoxybenzoic Acid Levels With All-Cause and Cause-Specific Mortality.
| Variable | Urinary 3-Phenoxybenzoic Acid Levels, HR (95% CI) | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Tertile 1 | Tertile 2 | Tertile 3 | |
| Urinary 3-PBA level, median (range), ng/mL | 0.07 (0.07-0.13) | 0.26 (0.14-0.49) | 1.00 (0.50-69.07) |
| All-cause mortality | |||
| Deaths, No. | 75 | 81 | 90 |
| Model 1a | 1 [Reference] | 1.34 (0.88-2.03) | 1.50 (1.08-2.10) |
| Model 2b | 1 [Reference] | 1.24 (0.85-1.81) | 1.56 (1.08-2.26) |
| Cardiovascular disease mortality | |||
| Deaths, No. | 10 | 13 | 18 |
| Model 1a | 1 [Reference] | 2.12 (0.63-7.10) | 2.72 (1.13-6.56) |
| Model 2b | 1 [Reference] | 1.88 (0.59-6.01) | 3.00 (1.02-8.80) |
| Cancer mortality | |||
| Deaths, No. | 18 | 18 | 16 |
| Model 1a | 1 [Reference] | 0.80 (0.26-2.40) | 1.12 (0.39-3.25) |
| Model 2b | 1 [Reference] | 0.61 (0.20-1.89) | 0.91 (0.31-2.72) |
Abbreviation: HR, hazard ratio.
a
Model 1 was adjusted for age, sex, race/ethnicity, and urinary creatinine levels.
b
Model 2 included model 1 variables plus educational level, family income status, smoking, alcohol intake, physical activity, total energy intake, Healthy Eating Index-2010 score, and body mass index (calculated as weight in kilograms divided by the square of height in meters).