Table 1. Variables Description Within the Samplea .
| Variable | Baseline | Follow-up 1 | Follow-up 2 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age, y | 14.4 (0.38) [12.9 to 15.7] | 16.5 (0.56) [15 to 18.8] | 18.8 (0.6) [17.1 to 21.1] |
| Sex, No. (%) | |||
| Female | 418 (58) | ND | ND |
| Male | 308 (42) | ND | ND |
| Site proportion, No. (%) | |||
| London | 120 (17) | ND | ND |
| Nottingham | 138 (19) | ND | ND |
| Dublin | 48 (7) | ND | ND |
| Berlin | 72 (10) | ND | ND |
| Hamburg | 82 (11) | ND | ND |
| Mannheim | 92 (13) | ND | ND |
| Paris | 66 (9) | ND | ND |
| Dresden | 108 (15) | ND | ND |
| ESPAD | |||
| Frequency of drunkenness | 0.5 (1.8) [0 to 29.5] | 4.2 (8.7) [0 to 41] | 9.7 (12.5) [0 to 41] |
| Tobacco | 0.16 (1.4) [0 to 21] | 0.8 (2.7) [0 to 21] | 1.6 (4) [0 to 21] |
| Cannabis | 0.26 (2.4) [0 to 41] | 2.6 (8.3) [0 to 41] | 5.1 (11.7) [0 to 41] |
| LEQ | |||
| Negative life events | 6.4 (2.8) [0 to 16] | 5.9 (2.7) [0 to 17] | 3.6 (2.2) [0 to 14] |
| SURPS | |||
| Impulsivity | 2.4 (0.4) [1.4 to 4] | 2.2 (0.4) [1 to 3.4] | 2.1 (0.4) [1 to 3.4] |
| Sensation | 2.6 (0.5) [1 to 4] | 2.7 (0.5) [1.2 to 4] | 2.7 (0.5) [1 to 4] |
| Anxiety sensitivity | 2.3 (0.4) [1 to 3.8] | 2.3 (0.5) [1 to 4] | 2.4 (0.5) [1 to 4] |
| Negative thinking | 1.9 (0.4) [1 to 3.4] | 1.8 (0.4) [1 to 3.6] | 1.9 (0.4) [1 to 4] |
| NEO PI | |||
| Neuroticism | 23.13 (7.5) [4 to 45] | 22.57 (5.9) [1 to 44] | 20.8 (8.2) [1 to 47] |
| Extraversion | 29.7 (5.9) [10 to 45] | 29.2 (5.9) [10 to 45] | 29.4 (5.9) [11 to 45] |
| Openness | 26.7 (5.7) [11 to 45] | 27.7 (5.9) [8 to 48] | 28.9 (6.4) [12 to 45] |
| Agreeableness | 29.6 (5.1) [6 to 44] | 30.2 (5.3) [11 to 45] | 32.3 (5.5) [9 to 46] |
| Conscientiousness | 27.9 (6.6) [8 to 48] | 28.6 (7) [9 to 47] | 30.2 (7.2) [4 to 48] |
| CGT | |||
| Deliberation time, ms | 2245.55 (7194.52) [736.51 to 181 363.1] | ND | 1626.21 (699.30) [734.5 to 12 682.45] |
| Risk taking | 0.52 (0.14) [0.05 to 0.89] | ND | 0.52 (0.12) [0.13 to 0.86] |
| Delay aversion | 0.23 (0.14) [−0.7 to 0.77] | ND | 0.20 (0.15) [−0.13 to 0.83] |
| Quality of decision-making | 0.94 (0.08) [0.45 to 1] | ND | 0.96 (0.06) [0.55 to 1] |
| Overall bet | 0.48 (0.13) [0.05 to 0.83] | ND | 0.48 (0.11) [0.14 to 0.83] |
| Risk adjustment | 1.65 (0.96) [−0.6 to 4.6] | ND | 1.98 (0.95) [−0.3 to 4.78] |
| Pattern recognition memory, No. of correct trials | 95.3 (7.6) [41.7 to 100] | ND | 95.9 (7.1) [54 to 100] |
| Rapid visual processing | 0.9 (0.05) [0.7 to 1] | ND | 0.93 (0.04) [0 to 1] |
| Spatial working memory | |||
| Between errors | 18.6 (13) [0 to 63] | ND | 11.1 (12.2) [0 to 74] |
| Strategy | 31 (5.4) [18 to 43] | ND | 27.7 (6.2) [18 to 44] |
| Affective go or no-go mean correct latency, ms | |||
| Negative | 490 (111.8) [222 to 888] | ND | 513.3 (89.5) [215 to 964] |
| Positive | 473.5 (107.8) [196.9 to 828.9] | ND | 497.5 (87.8) [239 to 903] |
| Affective go or no-go total omissions, No. | |||
| Negative | 11.4 (7.9) [0 to 36] | ND | 6.2 (5.5) [0 to 36] |
| Positive | 13.3 (7.3) [0 to 36] | ND | 8 (5.4) [0 to 36] |
| Delay discounting κ value | 0.023 (0.03) [0 to 0.25] | ND | 0.024 (0.03) [0 to 0.24] |
Abbreviations: CGT, Cambridge Guessing Task (modified version of the Cambridge Gambling Task; CGT variables detailed in the eMethods in the Supplement); ESPAD, European School Survey Project on Alcohol and Other Drugs; LEQ, Life Events Questionnaire; ND, no data acquired at the corresponding time point; NEO PI, Neuroticism, Extraversion, Openness, Agreeableness, and Conscientiousness Personality Inventory; SURPS, Substance Use Risk Profile Scale (this scale measured sensation seeking, impulsivity, anxiety sensitivity, and negative thinking).
a
All values given as mean (SD) [range] unless otherwise indicated.