Figure 1. Risk of Subjection to Violence and Perpetration of Violence Among Individuals Diagnosed With Any Psychiatric Disorder Compared With Individuals Without a Psychiatric Disorder.

Model 1 included matches by sex and birth year. Model 2 was adjusted for birth order and parental characteristics (immigrant background, low income, low educational level, lifetime violent crime conviction, and psychiatric history). Model 3 was further adjusted for the individual’s history of subjection to and perpetration of violence. Model 4 included within-family estimates comparing differentially exposed siblings and adjusted for sex, birth year, birth order, and the individual’s history of subjection to and perpetration of violence. Because the comparisons were made within families, there was no need to adjust for factors that were constant within families. HR indicates hazard ratio.