Figure 2. Sex-Stratified Risk of Subjection to Violence and Perpetration of Violence Among Individuals Diagnosed With Any Psychiatric Disorder Compared With Siblings Without Psychiatric Disorders.

The adjusted hazard ratios refer to within-family estimates comparing differentially exposed siblings and adjusted for sex, birth year, birth order, and the individual’s history of subjection to and perpetration of violence. Because the comparisons were made within families, there was no need to adjust for factors that were constant within families. HR indicates hazard ratio.