Table 1.

Baseline characteristics of study population (n=130)

	Non-CKD (n=30)	Mild CKD (n=31)	Moderate CKD (n=30)	Advanced CKD (n=31)	AST-120 (n=8)
Age, years	61.6 ± 8.7	62.4 ± 4.1	63.6 ± 6.1	66.2 ± 7.4	67 ± 10.1
Male gender, n (%)	12 (40%)	14 (45.2%)	18 (60%)	15 (48.4%)	2 (25%)
Diabetes, n (%)	19 (63.3%)	16 (51.6%)	15 (50%)	17 (54.8%)	3 (37.5%)
Hypertension, n (%)	27 (87.1%)	23 (76.7%)	26 (86.7%)	30 (96.8%)	6 (75%)
Diastolic pressure, mm Hg	74.1 ± 9.5	75.4 ± 12.1	75 ± 8.4	75.3 ± 12.3	71.6 ± 5.6
Systolic pressure, mm Hg	130.1 ± 18.4	132.3 ± 17.2	127.3 ± 13.9	137.9 ± 14.3	139.8 ± 16.2
Body mass index, Kg/m2	25.5 ± 3.4	27.5 ± 3.6	26.5 ± 4.2	25.9 ± 4.3	25.9 ± 4.3
Waist, cm	85.3 ± 8.8	92.7 ± 11.1	88.6 ± 7.5	88.6 ± 10.7	91.5 ± 8.02
Blood urea nitrogen, mg/dL	13.4 ± 3.9	16.5 ± 4.8	19.6 ± 5.9	61 ± 26.1*	69.3 ± 39.4*
Serum creatinine, mg/dL	0.7 ± 0.2	1.0 ± 0.2	1.4 ± 0.5	4.4 ± 2.3*	6.1 ± 2.9*
Estimated GFR, mL/min/m2	112.4 ± 54.4	71.4 ± 22.1*	49.9 ± 10.2*	16.2 ± 10*	14.1 ± 18.6*
UPCR, g/g#	87.6 (87.2)	136.6 (347.8)	104.3 (171.9)	1596.1 (2305.8)	1348.6 (1060.5)
Hemoglobin, g/dL	13.3 ± 0.9	13.9 ± 1.3	12.9 ± 1.3	10.0 ± 1.9*	9.6 ± 1.6*
Serum albumin, mg/dL	4.6 ± 0.3	4.6 ± 0.3	4.5 ± 0.3	4.1 ± 0.6*	4.2 ± 0.4*
Total cholesterol, mg/dL	191.42 ± 30.77	186.52 ± 25.32	171.5 ± 29.26	193.66 ± 47.84	152.56 ± 46.35
LDL-cholesterol, mg/dL	111.46 ± 30.61	107.55 ± 22.58	95.35 ± 25.33	109.05 ± 35.16	86.06 ± 40.58
Triglyceride, mg/dL	159.39 ± 99.92	129.61 ± 65.29	141.8 ± 83.11	182.25 ± 153.55	115 ± 81.04
hs-CRP, mg/L#	1.23 (1.45)	1.37 (2.15)	1.19 (1.45)	2.23(7.88)	1.07 (1.49)
Estimated protein intake, g/day	77.9 ± 28.2	70.6 ± 22.6	58.6 ± 21	58.6 ± 21.1	57.5 ± 20.6

Data are expressed in mean (SD) or median (interquartile range)#.

Abbreviation: CKD, chronic kidney disease; GFR, filtration glomerular rate; hs-CRP, high sensitive C reactive protein; UPCR, urine protein-creatinine ratio. * p < 0.005 vs normal.

Estimated protein intake (g/day) = 6.25 × [Urine urea nitrogen (g/day) + 30 mg/kg/day × Weight (kg)].