Table 4.
EVs as a biomarker in autoimmune disease.
| EVs Origin | Classification | Components | Change | Disease | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Serum | Exosomes | Circulating exosomes | ↑ | Systemic lupus erythematosus | 147 |
| Urine | Exosomes | miR-146a | ↑ | Systemic lupus erythematosus | 148 |
| Urine | Exosomes | miR-29c | ↓ | Lupus nephritis | 85 |
| Serum | Exosomes | Total exosomes | ↑ | Non-obese diabetes | 149 |
| CSF | Microvesicles | Total microvesicles | ↑ | Multiple sclerosis | 77 |
| Serum | Exosomes | miRNA | ↓ | Multiple sclerosis | 88 |
| Serum | Exosomes | Hotair | ↑ | Rheumatoid arthritis | 150 |
| Synovial fluid | EVs | miR-155 | ↑ | Rheumatoid arthritis | 115 |
| Saliva | Exosomes | miRNA | / | Sjögren's syndrome | 151 |
| Eosinophils | Exosomes | Total exosomes | ↑ | Asthma | 152 |
| CFS | Exosomes | Total exosomes | ↑ | Multiple sclerosis | 153 |
| Platelets, total leukocytes or monocytes | Microparticles | Total microparticles | ↑ | Multiple sclerosis | 87 |
| Serum | Exosomes | Myelin protein | ↑ | Multiple sclerosis | 154 |
| Urine | Microparticles | Total microparticles | ↑ | Type 1 Diabetes | 155 |
autoantigen presentation response.