Table 2. Hazard Ratios for CVD Associated With 1-SD Increase in Level of BP Patterns^a.

Variable	Mean BP	VIM	Mean Annual Change
Systolic BP
1-SD change	9.80 mm Hg	2.78 U	1.03 mm Hg/y
Model, HR (95% CI)
1	1.97 (1.77-2.20)	1.44 (1.27-1.63)	1.55 (1.39-1.73)
2	1.68 (1.44-1.96)	1.37 (1.20-1.56)	1.37 (1.22-1.54)
3	1.15 (0.87-1.53)	1.20 (1.04-1.38)	0.97 (0.81-1.15)
4	1.25 (0.90-1.74)	1.23 (1.07-1.43)	0.99 (0.81-1.26)
Diastolic BP
1-SD change	7.86 mm Hg	2.95 U	0.95 mm Hg/y
Model, HR (95% CI)
1	2.03 (1.79-2.31)	1.29 (1.15-1.46)	1.43 (1.25-1.64)
2	1.58 (1.35-1.86)	1.20 (1.05-1.38)	1.28 (1.11-1.46)
3	1.22 (0.96-1.56)	1.05 (0.91-1.22)	0.97 (0.81-1.15)
4	1.35 (0.99-1.84)	1.11 (0.93-1.31)	1.04 (0.82-1.32)

Abbreviations: BP, blood pressure; CVD, cardiovascular disease; HR, hazard ratio; VIM, blood pressure variability independent of the mean.

^aIncludes 3394 participants. Model 1 is unadjusted. Model 2 includes adjustment for age at the year 10 examination, race, sex, educational level, study site, and clinical and behavioral characteristics at the year 10 examination or the closest prior examination to the year 10 examination (body mass index, smoking status, physical activity, total and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels, diabetes, and antihypertensive medication use). Model 3 includes the variables in model 2 and a single systolic BP (SBP) measurement at the year 10 examination for analysis of SBP or a single diastolic BP (DBP) measurement at the year 10 examination for analysis of DBP. Model 4 includes the variables in model 3 and each SBP pattern measurement (mean SBP, VIM SBP, and annual change in SBP) for analysis of SBP or each DBP pattern measurement (mean DBP, VIM DBP, and annual change in DBP) for analysis of DBP.