Table 3. Environmental and Social Factors Potentially Associated With Body Mass at Age 48 to 68 Months.
| Variable | WHO Standard, BMI z Score | IOTF Guidelines | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean (SD) | P Value | Participants, No. (%)a | P Value | |||
| Underweight or Normal Weight | Overweight | Obese | ||||
| Total sample (n = 5128) | 5128 | 3640 | 1051 | 437 | ||
| Antireflux medication dispensed by age ≤48 mo (n = 5128) | ||||||
| No | 0.96 (1.19) | .001 | 3034 (83) | 920 (88) | 386 (88) | <.001 |
| Yes | 0.81 (1.20) | 606 (17) | 131 (12) | 51 (12) | ||
| Lifestyle factors at 24 mo | ||||||
| Sleep duration, day and night, h (n = 5001) | ||||||
| <11 | 1.26 (1.39) | <.001 | 328 (9) | 133 (13) | 86 (20) | <.001 |
| 11-14 | 0.90 (1.16) | 3030 (85) | 842 (83) | 316 (75) | ||
| >14 | 0.83 (1.19) | 201 (6) | 44 (4) | 21 (5) | ||
| Watching television, DVDs, or videos, weekday, h (n = 4929) | ||||||
| 0 | 0.81 (1.12) | <.001 | 839 (24) | 183 (18) | 73 (18) | <.001 |
| <1 | 0.81 (1.04) | 829 (24) | 217 (22) | 56 (14) | ||
| 1 to <2 | 0.93 (1.20) | 947 (27) | 285 (28) | 117 (28) | ||
| 2 to <3 | 1.07 (1.17) | 512 (15) | 174 (17) | 83 (20) | ||
| ≥3 | 1.19 (1.43) | 386 (11) | 144 (14) | 84 (20) | ||
| Feeding and dietary patterns | ||||||
| Exclusive breastfeeding, mo (n = 4960) | ||||||
| None | 1.33 (1.61) | <.001 | 91 (3) | 35 (3) | 21 (5) | <.001 |
| <1 | 0.92 (1.17) | 491 (14) | 147 (15) | 64 (15) | ||
| 1-2 | 1.08 (1.26) | 628 (18) | 227 (23) | 107 (26) | ||
| 3-4 | 0.94 (1.19) | 966 (27) | 262 (26) | 120 (29) | ||
| ≥5 | 0.82 (1.11) | 1359 (38) | 336 (33) | 106 (25) | ||
| Diet, servings/d at age 24 mo | ||||||
| Fruit, including dried fruit (n = 4956) | ||||||
| First tertile (≤3) | 0.92 (1.19) | .03 | 1367 (39) | 396 (39) | 161 (39) | .79 |
| Second tertile (>3 to 4) | 0.88 (1.16) | 1118 (32) | 302 (30) | 123 (30) | ||
| Third tertile (>4) | 0.99 (1.20) | 1048 (30) | 313 (31) | 128 (31) | ||
| Vegetables (n = 4958) | ||||||
| First tertile (<3) | 1.00 (1.23) | .003 | 1183 (33) | 376 (37) | 162 (39) | .01 |
| Second tertile (3 to <4) | 0.87 (1.16) | 1592 (45) | 398 (40) | 168 (40) | ||
| Third tertile (≥4) | 0.95 (1.18) | 759 (21) | 233 (23) | 87 (21) | ||
| Milk, cheese, yogurt (n = 4956) | ||||||
| First tertile (≤3) | 0.94 (1.21) | .34 | 1192 (34) | 364 (36) | 144 (34) | .01 |
| Second tertile (>3 to <5) | 0.91 (1.13) | 1306 (37) | 369 (36) | 126 (30) | ||
| Third tertile (≥5) | 0.97 (1.26) | 1026 (29) | 279 (28) | 150 (36) | ||
| Bread, rice, pasta, cereal (n = 4949) | ||||||
| First tertile (≤5) | 0.88 (1.15) | .001 | 1201 (34) | 330 (33) | 130 (31) | .24 |
| Second tertile (>5 to <7) | 0.92 (1.17) | 1385 (39) | 388 (38) | 155 (37) | ||
| Third tertile (≥7) | 1.04 (1.27) | 938 (27) | 292 (29) | 130 (31) | ||
| Spreads (n = 4955)b | ||||||
| First tertile (≤2) | 0.92 (1.20) | .17 | 1741 (49) | 512 (51) | 198 (47) | .59 |
| Second tertile (>2 to 3) | 0.91 (1.16) | 902 (26) | 248 (25) | 101 (24) | ||
| Third tertile (>3) | 0.99 (1.20) | 885 (25) | 250 (25) | 118 (28) | ||
| Meat, protein alternatives, eggs (n = 4963) | ||||||
| First tertile (<3) | 0.91 (1.21) | .04 | 1507 (43) | 390 (38) | 165 (39) | <.001 |
| Second tertile (3) | 0.91 (1.13) | 915 (26) | 269 (27) | 84 (20) | ||
| Third tertile (>3) | 1.00 (1.22) | 1107 (31) | 356 (35) | 170 (41) | ||
| Soft drinks, snacks, fast food (n = 4960) | ||||||
| First tertile (<3) | 0.81 (1.09) | <.001 | 2222 (63) | 545 (54) | 181 (44) | <.001 |
| Second tertile (3) | 1.05 (1.30) | 778 (22) | 252 (25) | 118 (29) | ||
| Third tertile (>3) | 1.18 (1.30) | 542 (15) | 210 (21) | 112 (27) | ||
Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index (calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared); IOTF, International Obesity Task Force; WHO, World Health Organization.
a
Percentages may not add up to 100% owing to rounding.
b
Category includes butter; margarine (canola-, sunflower-, olive oil–, and rice bran–oil based); butter-margarine blends; jam, marmalade, and honey; peanut butter and hazelnut spread; and Vegemite and Marmite.