Table 3. Multivariable Linear Regression Model Examining the Association of State-Level Smart Snacks Policy With Students’ Total Daily Energy Intake .
| Variable | All Students (N = 1959) | Students Who Consumed Snacks Obtained at School (n = 528) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Coefficient (95% CI), kcal | P Value | Adjusted Mean (95% CI), kcal | Coefficient (95% CI), kcal | P Value | Adjusted Mean (95% CI), kcal | |
| State law requires Smart Snacks standards to be followed in all school venues | ||||||
| No | 0 [Reference] | NA | 1983.5 (1919.1 to 2047.9) | 0 [Reference] | NA | 2032.0 (1922.7 to 2141.4) |
| Yes | −5.77 (−145.65 to 134.10) | .94 | 1977.7 (1841.6 to 2113.9) | −162.64 (−334.30 to 9.03) | .06 | 1869.4 (1705.2 to 2033.6) |
| Student grade, per increased grade level | 17.49 (1.22 to 33.75) | .04 | NA | 10.98 (−14.49 to 36.46) | .39 | NA |
| Sex | ||||||
| Boys | 0 [Reference] | NA | 2144.4 (2050.3 to 2238.4) | 0 [Reference] | NA | 2292.2 (2132.4 to 2452.0) |
| Girls | −330.10 (−437.06 to −223.14) | <.001 | 1814.3 (1750.2 to 1878.4) | −542.50 (−723.25 to −361.74) | <.001 | 1749.7 (1655.5 to 1843.9) |
| Race/ethnicity | ||||||
| Non-Hispanic white | 0 [Reference] | NA | 1970.2 (1880.6 to 2059.9) | 0 [Reference] | NA | 2018.6 (1876.2 to 2160.9) |
| Non-Hispanic black | 67.31 (−100.08 to 234.69) | .43 | 2037.5 (1884.9 to 2190.2) | 15.22 (−183.67 to 214.10) | .88 | 2033.8 (1886.1 to 2181.5) |
| Hispanic | 19.08 (−111.42 to 149.57) | .77 | 1989.3 (1891.6 to 2087.0) | −20.64 (−347.57 to 306.29) | .90 | 1997.9 (1722.2 to 2273.6) |
| Other or multiracial | −20.94 (−179.65 to 137.76) | .79 | 1949.3 (1797.6 to 2101.0) | −230.07 (−518.12 to 57.97) | .12 | 1788.5 (1546.6 to 2030.4) |
| School urbanicity | ||||||
| Urban | 0 [Reference] | NA | 2048.0 (1871.4 to 2224.5) | 0 [Reference] | NA | 2042.4 (1908.8 to 2176.0) |
| Suburban | −92.09 (−295.95 to 111.78) | .37 | 1955.9 (1883.1 to 2028.6) | −26.47 (−177.72 to 124.79) | .73 | 2015.9 (1872.9 to 2159.0) |
| Rural | −74.80 (−265.69 to 116.08) | .44 | 1973.2 (1866.2 to 2080.1) | −119.08 (−281.63 to 43.47) | .15 | 1923.3 (1791.3 to 2055.3) |
| School size, No. of students | ||||||
| ≥1000 | 0 [Reference] | NA | 2067.1 (1957.9 to 2176.2) | 0 [Reference] | NA | 2094.4 (1907.3 to 2281.4) |
| 500-999 | −140.48 (−277.71 to −3.26) | .045 | 1926.6 (1845.8 to 2007.3) | −222.21 (−428.85 to −15.58) | .04 | 1872.2 (1756.7 to 1987.6) |
| <500 | −90.05 (−209.71 to 29.61) | .14 | 1977.0 (1883.7 to 2070.3) | −20.14 (−279.84 to 239.56) | .88 | 2074.2 (1901.5 to 2246.9) |
| District-level racial/ethnic composition | ||||||
| ≥66% White | 0 [Reference] | NA | 2049.4 (1957.8 to 2141.1) | 0 [Reference] | NA | 2056.3 (1901.4 to 2211.2) |
| ≥50% Black | −83.63 (−261.43 to 94.17) | .35 | 1965.8 (1801.7 to 2130.0) | 10.25 (−351.80 to 372.30) | .96 | 2066.5 (1701.8 to 2431.2) |
| ≥50% Hispanic | −65.73 (−255.08 to 123.61) | .49 | 1983.7 (1826.0 to 2141.5) | −27.85 (−228.60 to 172.90) | .78 | 2028.4 (1890.8 to 2166.1) |
| Other | −127.80 (−255.69 to 0.09) | .05 | 1921.6 (1834.0 to 2009.3) | −146.14 (−326.36 to 34.08) | .11 | 1910.1 (1792.9 to 2027.4) |
| District-level child poverty rate | ||||||
| <20% | 0 [Reference] | NA | 1986.2 (1893.3 to 2079.0) | 0 [Reference] | NA | 1985.5 (1863.0 to 2108.0) |
| ≥20% | −12.05 (−137.72 to 113.61) | .85 | 1974.1 (1903.2 to 2045.0) | 35.29 (−113.93 to 184.51) | .64 | 2020.8 (1892.6 to 2149.1) |
| Region | ||||||
| West | 0 [Reference] | NA | 2025.8 (1933.3 to 2118.3) | 0 [Reference] | NA | 1997.5 (1863.7 to 2131.2) |
| Midwest | 52.90 (−83.87 to 189.68) | .45 | 2078.7 (1978.3 to 2179.1) | 79.09 (−132.98 to 291.15) | .46 | 2076.5 (1912.3 to 2240.8) |
| South | −39.35 (−190.25 to 111.55) | .61 | 1986.5 (1894.5 to 2078.4) | 51.14 (−130.12 to 232.40) | .58 | 2048.6 (1909.3 to 2187.9) |
| Northeast | −291.07 (−498.30 to −83.85) | .006 | 1734.7 (1531.8 to 1937.7) | −379.80 (−685.14 to −74.45) | .02 | 1617.7 (1318.6 to 1916.7) |
Abbreviation: NA, not applicable.