Table 4. Multivariable Linear Regression Model Examining the Association of State-Level Smart Snacks Policy With Students’ Daily Energy Intake From Solid Fats and Added Sugars.
| Variable | All Students (N = 1959) | Students Who Consumed Snacks Obtained at School (n = 528) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Coefficient (95% CI), kcal | P Value | Adjusted Mean (95% CI), kcal | Coefficient (95% CI), kcal | P Value | Adjusted Mean (95% CI), kcal | |
| State law requires Smart Snacks standards to be followed in all school venues | ||||||
| No | 0 [Reference] | NA | 562.5 (534.3 to 590.8) | 0 [Reference] | NA | 582.0 (539.0 to 625.0) |
| Yes | −53.87 (−104.52 to −3.22) | .04 | 508.7 (463.0 to 554.4) | −63.53 (−137.93 to 10.86) | .09 | 518.5 (444.2 to 592.8) |
| Student grade, per increased grade level | 4.76 (−3.00 to 12.51) | .23 | NA | 3.79 (−8.46 to 16.04) | .54 | NA |
| Sex | ||||||
| Boys | 0 [Reference] | NA | 593.6 (559.6 to 627.7) | 0 [Reference] | NA | 650.6 (589.1 to 712.0) |
| Girls | −87.90 (−123.58 to −52.23) | <.001 | 505.7 (478.0 to 533.4) | −151.11 (−216.69 to −85.53) | <.001 | 499.4 (458.8 to 540.1) |
| Race/ethnicity | ||||||
| Non-Hispanic white | 0 [Reference] | NA | 553.0 (522.2 to 583.8) | 0 [Reference] | NA | 574.0 (514.5 to 633.5) |
| Non-Hispanic black | 37.28 (−33.58 to 108.14) | .30 | 590.2 (519.5 to 661.0) | 50.21 (−69.01 to 169.44) | .41 | 624.2 (521.3 to 727.1) |
| Hispanic | −20.99 (−73.86 to 31.89) | .43 | 532.0 (485.7 to 578.3) | −29.44 (−158.78 to 99.91) | .65 | 544.5 (438.9 to 650.1) |
| Other or multiracial | −24.38 (−94.69 to 45.93) | .49 | 528.6 (459.1 to 598.1) | −86.31 (−232.78 to 60.15) | .25 | 487.7 (370.1 to 605.3) |
| School urbanicity | ||||||
| Urban | 0 [Reference] | NA | 600.3 (546.4 to 654.1) | 0 [Reference] | NA | 647.4 (589.1 to 705.6) |
| Suburban | −77.88 (−138.23 to −17.53) | .01 | 522.4 (493.0 to 551.8) | −102.92 (−163.38 to −42.47) | .001 | 544.4 (497.5 to 591.4) |
| Rural | −42.00 (−108.76 to 24.76) | .22 | 558.3 (510.8 to 605.7) | −106.06 (−184.09 to −28.04) | .008 | 541.3 (468.0 to 614.6) |
| School size, No. of students | ||||||
| ≥1000 | 0 [Reference] | NA | 554.5 (513.5 to 595.5) | 0 [Reference] | NA | 603.5 (529.0 to 678.0) |
| 500-999 | −13.60 (−67.84 to 40.64) | .62 | 540.9 (503.7 to 578.2) | −82.62 (−164.31 to −0.94) | .047 | 520.9 (469.6 to 572.1) |
| <500 | 8.56 (−45.83 to 62.96) | .76 | 563.1 (522.1 to 604.1) | −2.79 (−115.49 to 109.91) | .96 | 600.7 (528.4 to 673.0) |
| District-level racial/ethnic composition | ||||||
| ≥66% White | 0 [Reference] | NA | 602.4 (562.5 to 642.3) | 0 [Reference] | NA | 611.9 (546.5 to 677.4) |
| ≥50% Black | −62.17 (−149.31 to 24.98) | .16 | 540.2 (461.6 to 618.8) | −95.35 (−231.44 to 40.74) | .17 | 516.6 (391.6 to 641.6) |
| ≥50% Hispanic | −90.19 (−171.99 to −8.40) | .03 | 512.2 (445.8 to 578.5) | −69.94 (−168.48 to 28.60) | .16 | 542.0 (464.2 to 619.8) |
| Other | −82.01 (−134.12 to −29.90) | .002 | 520.4 (486.0 to 554.7) | −67.88 (−147.48 to 11.72) | .09 | 544.0 (491.8 to 596.3) |
| District-level child poverty rate | ||||||
| <20% | 0 [Reference] | NA | 551.5 (514.4 to 588.6) | 0 [Reference] | NA | 563.0 (505.8 to 620.1) |
| ≥20% | −3.22 (−55.59 to 49.15) | .90 | 548.3 (515.4 to 581.1) | 16.46 (−57.58 to 90.50) | .66 | 579.4 (530.1 to 628.8) |
| Region | ||||||
| West | 0 [Reference] | NA | 558.9 (516.7 to 601.2) | 0 [Reference] | NA | 580.1 (528.2 to 632.1) |
| Midwest | 19.40 (−35.13 to 73.93) | .48 | 578.3 (547.0 to 609.7) | 46.42 (−30.98 to 123.83) | .24 | 626.6 (570.8 to 682.4) |
| South | 5.68 (−62.88 to 74.24) | .87 | 564.6 (522.0 to 607.3) | −3.39 (−83.91 to 77.13) | .93 | 576.7 (516.1 to 637.4) |
| Northeast | −117.42 (−198.95 to −35.90) | .005 | 441.5 (363.0 to 520.0) | −187.83 (−300.95 to −74.70) | .001 | 392.3 (287.0 to 497.6) |
Abbreviation: NA, not applicable.