Table 1. Baseline Clinical and Demographic Characteristics of Participantsa.
| Characteristic | HI Group (n = 108 672)b | AI Group (n = 18 928)b |
|---|---|---|
| Age, mean (SD), yc | 59.5 (12.5) | 58.8 (13.2) |
| Male sex | 58 178 (53.5) | 10 410 (55.0) |
| BMI, mean (SD)c | 32.3 (7.0) | 32.1 (7.2) |
| CABG surgeryd | 917 (0.8) | 298 (1.6) |
| CADd | 17 488 (16.1) | 3545 (18.7) |
| Coronary stentd | 1712 (1.6) | 410 (2.2) |
| Stroke eventd | 1791 (1.6) | 416 (2.2) |
| CHFd | 7050 (6.5) | 1438 (7.6) |
| Hospitalization for CHFd | 1757 (1.6) | 465 (2.5) |
| Elixhauser comorbidity score, mean (SD)e | 4.9 (2.5) | 5.1 (2.8) |
| eGFR, mean (SD), mL/1.73 m2/minc | 83.1 (31.0) | 82.0 (31.7) |
| HbA1c level, mean (SD), %c | 9.5 (2.1) | 9.4 (2.2) |
| Hypertension medicationsc | 87 240 (80.3) | 14 676 (77.5) |
| Hypertension diagnosisd | 84 760 (78.0) | 14 444 (76.3) |
| LDL cholesterol level, mg/dLc | 92.1 (35.1) | 95.6 (36.4) |
| Race/ethnicity | ||
| Hispanic | 33 683 (31.0) | 5154 (27.2) |
| Black | 12 506 (11.5) | 2516 (13.3) |
| Hawaiian or Pacific Islander | 1574 (1.4) | 219 (1.2) |
| Asian | 11 881 (10.9) | 1771 (9.4) |
| Native American | 590 (0.5) | 117 (0.6) |
| White | 45 060 (41.5) | 8526 (45.0) |
| Missing | 3378 (3.1) | 625 (3.3) |
| Systolic BP, mean (SD), mm Hgc | 128.5 (12.1) | 128.3 (12.8) |
| Diastolic BP, mean (SD), mm Hgc | 73.9 (8.3) | 73.5 (8.6) |
| Smoking statusc | ||
| Current | 15 838 (14.6) | 2825 (14.9) |
| Never | 53 453 (49.2) | 9140 (48.3) |
| Former | 39 381 (36.2) | 6963 (36.8) |
Abbreviations: AI, analogue insulin; BMI, body mass index (calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared); BP, blood pressure; CABG, coronary artery bypass graft; CAD, coronary artery disease; CHF, congestive heart failure; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; HbA1c, hemoglobin A1c; HI, human insulin; LDL, low-density lipoprotein.
SI conversion factors: To convert HbA1c level to proportion of hemoglobin, multiply by 0.01; LDL cholesterol to millimoles per liter, multiply by 0.0259.
Unless otherwise indicated, data are expressed as number (percentage) of patients. Percentages have been rounded and may not total 100.
The HI group includes patients receiving HI only; the AI group includes patients receiving AI with or without HI.
At index date or for most recent test performed before index date.
Based on 2 or more diagnosis codes or 1 or more procedure codes in the 2 years before the index date.
Calculated using the method of Elixhauser based on data from the 2-year period before the index date.