Table 1. Baseline Characteristics of the Study Participants.
| Factor | No. (%) | |
|---|---|---|
| Adequate Glycemic Control (n = 690)a | Inadequate Glycemic Control (n = 733) | |
| Nonmodifiable | ||
| Women | 261 (37.8) | 304 (41.5) |
| Age, mean (SD), y | 57.2 (8.6) | 55.6 (9.3) |
| Clinical comorbidities | ||
| Congestive heart failure | 36 (5.2) | 41 (5.6) |
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease or asthma | 96 (13.9) | 88 (12.1) |
| Depression | 57 (8.3) | 63 (8.6) |
| Hyperlipidemia | 517 (74.9) | 537 (73.3) |
| Hypertension | 547 (79.3) | 564 (76.9) |
| Liver disease | 45 (6.5) | 47 (6.4) |
| Osteoporosis | 41 (5.9) | 37 (5.1) |
| Alzheimer disease or dementia | 12 (1.7) | 3 (0.4) |
| Indicators associated with disease progression or control | ||
| Hypoglycemia | 23 (3.3) | 28 (3.8) |
| Diabetic ketoacidosis | 12 (1.7) | 18 (2.5) |
| Kidney disease | 429 (62.2) | 438 (59.8) |
| Macrovascular diseaseb | 145 (21.0) | 154 (21.0) |
| Microvascular diseasec | 231 (33.5) | 237 (32.3) |
| Potentially Modifiable | ||
| Drug therapy | ||
| Adjunct rapid-acting insulin use | 378 (55.8) | 405 (55.3) |
| Unique oral diabetes drugs used, mean (SD), No. | 2.1 (1.2) | 2.2 (1.2) |
| Type of basal insulin used | ||
| Glargine, 100 μIU/mL | 385 (55.8) | 410 (55.9) |
| Detemir | 209 (30.2) | 220 (30.0) |
| NPH | 35 (5.1) | 30 (4.1) |
| Lispro protamine | 48 (7.0) | 64 (8.7) |
| Glargine, 300 μIU/mL | 13 (1.9) | 10 (1.3) |
| Patient behavior | ||
| Insulin persistence | 567 (82.2) | 570 (77.7) |
| Glucose self-testing supply fills, mean (SD), No. | 1.32 (3.7) | 0.66 (2.4) |
| Model of care and insurance structure | ||
| Visited an endocrinologist | 365 (52.9) | 292 (39.8) |
| Primary care office visits, mean (SD), No. | 6.8 (10.9) | 6.1 (6.9) |
| Use of insulin listed in drug formulary | 612 (88.7) | 652 (90.0) |
| Insulin copayment, mean (SD), $ | 37.0 (46.6) | 34.7 (43.8) |
| Use of mail-order pharmacy service | 156 (22.6) | 119 (16.2) |
SI conversion factor: To convert insulin to picomoles per liter, multiply by 6.945.
a
Adequate control was defined by a hemoglobin A1c level less than 8% (to convert to proportion of total hemoglobin, multiply by 0.01).
b
Includes coronary artery disease and stroke.
c
Includes diabetic nephropathy, neuropathy, and retinopathy.